carbohydrates

Question 1

where are carbohydrates produced

Answer 1

by photosynthesis

Question 2

what are carbs oxidised to produce

Answer 2

CO2 and H2O and energy

Question 3

what is a monosaccharide

Answer 3

the simplest carbohydrates, no hydrolysis occurs
3 to 6 carbon atoms
a carbonyl group
several hydroxide groups

Question 4

what is disaccharide

Answer 4

two monosaccharide units

Question 5

what is a polysaccharide

Answer 5

many monosaccharide units

Question 6

what is an olagasaccharide

Answer 6

3 to 10 monosaccharide units

Question 7

what is an aldose

Answer 7

monosaccharides with an aldehyde group, also have many hydroxyl group
(triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose)

Question 8

what is a ketose

Answer 8

monosaccharides with a ketone group with many hydroxyl group

Question 9

fischer projection

Answer 9

used to represent carbohydrates
most oxidised group goes at the top
chiral carbons at in the middle of the structure

Question 10

whats the difference between a D-glyceraldehyde and an L- glyceraldehyde

Answer 10

L- hydroxyl group on the left of the chiral carbon
D- hydroxyl group on the right of the chiral carbon

Question 11

what determines the L or D status of a glyceraldehyde

Answer 11

the hydroxyl group farthest away from the chiral carbon

Question 12

what is an epimer

Answer 12

structures that differ at one chiral centre

Question 13

galactosemia

Answer 13

when there is a lack of enzymes reuired for galactose metabolism, results in an accumulation of galactose intermediates which has toxic effects in the liver, brain, kidneys and eyes

Question 14

are cyclic or linear monosaccarides more stable

Answer 14

cyclic

Question 15

when are cyclic monosaccharides produced

Answer 15

when the hydroxyl group of C-5 reacts with the aldehyde group or ketone group

Question 16

whats the differnce between an alpha-D-glucose and a beta-D-glucose

Answer 16

alpha-below the ring
beta- above the ring

Question 17

what happens when alpha-D-glucose or beta-D-glucose is in solution

Answer 17

clyclic structures open and close

Question 18

how to test for sugars (ex. glucose) in the blood

Answer 18

use fehlings solution to convert a glucose into a gluconate by reducing inorganic ions such as copper

Question 19

what is a reducing sugar

Answer 19

a sugar that will reduce inorganic ions such as Cu++
(ex. aldoses and ketoses)

Question 20

what is a glucose oxidase test

Answer 20

‘dip stick test’ quicker way to test for glucose in the urine

Question 21

whats the lifetime of red blood cells

Answer 21

120 days

Question 22

what is lactose made up from

Answer 22

disaccharide between glucose and galactose
found in milk and milk products

Question 23

what is a lactose intolerance

Answer 23

lack of lactase enzyme in small intestine which means lactose can pass onto the colon, bacteria start to ferment lactose causing stomach cramps and bloating

Question 24

what class of carbohydrate is glycogen

Answer 24

highly branched polysaccharide composed of multiple glucose units

Question 25

what does an alpha bond look like in glycogen

Answer 25

below the ring

Question 26

what is sucrose made up from

Answer 26

glucose and fructose

Question 27

what is maltose made up from

Answer 27

2 units of glucose

Question 28

what is starch

Answer 28

plant form of carbohydrate ingested by humans

Question 29

what is amylose

Answer 29

unbranched starch comprised of glucose units
hydrolysed by alpha-amylase secreted by salivary glands in the pancreas

Question 30

amylopectin

Answer 30

branched form of starch
hydrolysed by alpha-amylase secreted by salivary glands in the pancreas

Question 31

ratio of amylose and amylopectin in starch

Answer 31

20% amylose
80% amylopectin

Question 32

cellulose

Answer 32

storage in plants
contains a beta-1,4 linkage (above the ring)
mammals lack cellulases