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BIOCHEM > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q
  • A polyhydroxy ketone, a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a
    or a compound that yields
    polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon
    hydrolysis.
A

carbohydrate

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2
Q

a polyhydroxy aldehyde

A

carbohydrate glucose

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3
Q

a polyhydroxy
ketone

A

carbohydrate fructose

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4
Q

classified as aldose or
ketose on the basis of the type of carbonyl present.

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

glycosides formed from the
linkage of two monosaccharides.

A

Disaccharides

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6
Q

carbohydrates that
contain three to ten monosaccharide units.

A

Oligosaccharides

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7
Q

polymers in which
monosaccharides are the monomers.

A

Polysaccharides

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8
Q

images that
coincide at all points when the images are laid
upon each other.

A

Superimposable mirror images

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9
Q

images
where not all points coincide when the images
are laid upon each other.

A

Nonsuperimposable mirror images

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10
Q

atom in a
has four different
groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral
orientation.

A

chiral center

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11
Q

a molecule whose
mirror images are not superimposable.

A

chiral molecule

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12
Q

have structures that are non superimposable
mirror images of each other.

A

Enantiomers

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12
Q

atoms thatconnected in the same way but are arranged differently in
space.

A

Stereoisomerism

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13
Q
  • have structures that are not mirror images of
    each other
  • differ in most chemical and physical properties. They also have different boiling points and freezing
    points.
A

Diastereomers

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14
Q

Chiral compound that rotates light towards right
(clockwise; +)

A

Dextrorotatory

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14
Q

Chiral compound that rotates light towards left
(counterclockwise; - )

A

Levorotatory

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15
Q

a two-dimensional structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of
groups about chiral centers in
molecules.

A

Fischer projection formula

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15
Q

used to designate the handedness of
glyceraldehyde enantiomers.

A

D and L system

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16
Q

(aldohexose)

A

D-Glucose

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16
Q

(ketohexose)

A

D-Fructose

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16
Q

a five-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group is a _______

A

ketopentose

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17
Q

a six-carbon monosaccharide
with an aldehyde functional group is an _______

A

aldohexose

18
Q

the most abundant in nature and
the most important from a human nutritional
standpoint.

A

D-glucose

19
Q

biochemically the most important
ketohexose. It is also known as levulose and fruit sugar.

A

D-Fructose

20
Q

(aldopentose)

A

D-Ribose

21
Q

D-Galactose

A

(aldohexose)

22
Q

A cyclic monosaccharide containing
a six-atom ring is called a

A

pyranose

23
Q

A cyclic monosaccharide containing one containing a five-atom ring
is called

A

furanose

24
Q

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of
C5 are on opposite sides

WHAT FORM OF D-GLUCOSE?

A

Alpha-form:

24
Q

-OH of C1 and CH2OH of
C5 are on same sides

WHAT FORM OF D-GLUCOSE?

A

Beta-form:

25
Q

a two-dimensional
structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.

A

Haworth projection formula

26
Q
  • The general name for monosaccharide acetals
  • an acetal formed from a cyclic
    monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR
    group.
A

Glycoside

27
Q
  • The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters.

-stable in aqueous
solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates.

A

Phosphate Ester Formation

28
Q

one of the hydroxyl groups of a
monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group

A

Amino Sugar Formation

29
Q

The bond that links the two monosaccharides
of a disaccharide (glycoside) together is called ____

A

glycosidic linkage

29
Q

both of these groups point in the same direction

A

Beta configuration

30
Q

the two groups point in opposite directions.

A

Alpha configuration

31
Q
  • produced as an intermediate in the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose.
  • contains two b - D-glucose monosaccharide units linked through a b (1—4) glycosidic linkage.
  • cannot be digested by humans.
A

Cellobiose

32
Q
  • often called malt sugar, is produced whenever the
    polysaccharide starch breaks down, as happens in plants when
    seeds germinate and in human beings during starch digestion.
  • made up of two D-glucose units, one of which must be a-D-glucose.
A

Maltose

33
Q
  • made up of b-D-galactose
    unit.
  • hydrolyzes b(1-4) glycosidic linkages.
A

Lactose

34
Q

The most abundant of all
disaccharides and found in
plants.

A

Sucrose

34
Q

a polysaccharide
in which more than one (usually two) type of
monosaccharide monomer is present.

A

heteropolysaccharide

34
Q

a polysaccharide in
which only one type of monosaccharide
monomer is present.

A

homopolysaccharide

35
Q
  • homopolysaccharide containing only glucose monosaccharide units.
    -energy-storage polysaccharide in plants
A

Starch

36
Q

unbranched chain, (1,4) glycoside bond, soluble in water

A

Amylose

37
Q
  • branched chain, (1,6) glycoside bonds, insoluble in water
  • the other polysaccharide in starch, has a high degree of branching
    in its polyglucose structure.
A

Amylopectin

38
Q

-a polysaccharide containing
only glucose units.

-an ideal storage form for glucose.

A

Glycogen

39
Q
  • Linear homopolysaccharide with b (1  4) glycosidic bond
  • serves as dietary fiber in food– readily absorbs water
    and results in softer stools.
A

Cellulose

39
Q

-Linear polymer with all b ( 1 4 ) glycosidic linkages

  • to give rigidity to the exoskeleton s of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods.
A

Chitin

40
Q

polysaccharides with a repeating
disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a
negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group.

A

ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDES

41
Q

Alternating residues of N-
acetyl-b-D-glucosamine and D-
glucuronic acid.

A

Hyaluronic acid

42
Q

An anticoagulant-prevents
blood clots.

A

Heparin

43
Q

a lipid molecule that has one or more
carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.

A

glycolipid

43
Q

a protein molecule that has one or
more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units
covalently bonded to it.

A

glycoprotein

BIOCHEM (7 decks)

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