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Biology 1.1 and Chem unit 4 > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the compounds of carbohydrates?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

What’s the generic formula for carbohydrates?

A

CnH2nOn

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3
Q

What are the three functions of carbs?

A

Source of energy
Store of energy
Structural support

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4
Q

What are the three main types of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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5
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simplest forms of carbohydrates that are used as building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.

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6
Q

Trioses
Number of carbon atoms
Involved in…

A

3 carbon atoms
Metabolic reactions

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7
Q

Pentoses
Number of carbons
Formation of…

A

5 carbon atoms
Nucleic acid DNA/RNA

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8
Q

Hexoses
Number of carbon atoms
Main source of…

A

6 carbon atoms e.g glucose
Energy

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9
Q

Definition of Isomerism

A

Two molecules that have the same chemical formula but they have different structural formulas.

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10
Q

What is different in alpha glucose to beta glucose?

A

In alpha glucose the hydroxyl group (OH) is underneath C1.

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11
Q

Where is the hydroxyl group in the beta glucose?

A

Above carbon atom 1

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12
Q

What acronym is used to remember the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

A Alpha
B Below
B Beta
A Above

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13
Q

What are the two properties of monosaccharides?

A

Soluble
Sweet tasting

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14
Q

Explain the role of monosaccharides as an energy source in respiration.
GLUCOSE

A

C-H bonds and C-C bonds are broken: release energy
Energy transferred to make ATP
ATP is the energy currency of the cell

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15
Q

Monosaccharides as building blocks

A

To make larger molecules e.g glucose to make starch, glycogen and cellulose

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16
Q

As intermediates in reactions

A

Trioses - intermediates in respiration and photosynthesis reactions

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17
Q

Constituents of nucleotides

A

e.g deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA, ATP and ADP

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18
Q

What is removed during â Condensation Reaction?

A

H2O Water

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19
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

Chemical addition of water to break bonds
Breaks a disaccharide into 2 monosaccharide

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20
Q

Between which two carbon atoms does a glycosidic bond form?

A

1 and 4

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21
Q

What bond forms between two monosaccharides and define it.

A

Glycosidic - two carbon atoms end up sharing an oxygen atom

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22
Q

What is formed when two monosaccharide bond together?

A

Disaccharide

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23
Q

Name the 3 disaccharides you must learn

A

Sucrose
Lactose
Maltose

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24
Q

What are the monosaccharide units of Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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25
Q

What monosaccharides form lactose

A

Glucose + Galactose

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26
Q

What monosaccharides form maltose

A

Glucose + Glucose

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27
Q

What does Benedict’s test for

A

Reducing sugars in solutions

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28
Q

What must you remember to do in a Benedcit’s test?

A

Heat the solution in a water bath

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29
Q

What will happen to the solution if a reducing sugar is present in a solution

A

From blue to green, yellow, orange and finally brick red
The colour of the precipitate depends upon the concentration of the reducing sugar

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30
Q

Definition of polymer

A

A large molecule comprising repeated units, monomers, bonded together.

31
Q

What reaction takes place to turn monomers into polymers

A

Polymerisation

32
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers made up of hundreds of monosaccharide units

33
Q

4 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin

34
Q

What reaction take place in the formation of polysaccharides

A

Condensation where water is lost

35
Q

Are polysaccharides sweet tasting?

A

No, they’re not sugars

36
Q

What is the reverse reaction of a condensation reaction?

A

Hydrolysis- chemical addition of water

37
Q

What molecules is starch made up of?

A

Alpha glucose

38
Q

What two polymers form starch?

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

39
Q

What type of molecule is starch?

A

Polysaccharide

40
Q

Is starch soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble

41
Q

What solution detects the presence of starch?

A

Iodine

42
Q

What colour change is seen if starch is present and tested with iodine?

A

From brown-orange to blue-black

43
Q

Describe Amylose

A

A linear, unbranched polymer with alpha1-4 glycosidic bonds

44
Q

What describes the shape of amylose

A

Alpha-helix

45
Q

Describe Amylopectin

A

Chains of glucose monomers joined with alpha1-4 glycosidic bonds, cross linked with alpha1-6 bonds

46
Q

Describe the properties of starch

A

Hydrolyses quickly
No osmotic effect

47
Q

What is glycogen’s function

A

Main storage product in animals
Muscles and liver

48
Q

What is glycogen similar to

A

Amylopectin

49
Q

What bonds are present in glycogen?

A

Alpha1-4 and Alpha1-6 glycosidic bonds

50
Q

What’s the difference between glycogen and amylopectin?

A

Glycogen have shorter alpha1-4 linked chain and therefore more branched

51
Q

the type of reaction that occurs when a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides is

A

condensation

52
Q

the type of bond that forms when a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides is called

A

glycosidic bond

53
Q

the products of hydrolysis of lactose are

A

alpha-glucose and alpha-glucose

54
Q

starch is a polymer made from which monomer

A

alpha-glucose

55
Q

the most important carbohydrate fuel in human cells is

A

glucose

56
Q

saccharides contain the following combination of elements

A

carbon, hydrogen

57
Q

what type of carbohydrate is cellulose? (storage/structural)

A

structural polysaccharide

58
Q

what monosaccharide makes up cellulose?

A

beta-glucose

59
Q

what bonds and characteristics are present in cellulose?

A

1,4 glycosidic bonds forming long, unbranched chains
hydrogen bonds in the microfibril

60
Q

what is the purpose of microfibrils?

A

strength

61
Q

describe microfibrils

A

adjacent glucose molecules are rotated 180*

62
Q

what bonds are present in the microfibrils of cellulose?

A

hydrogen bonds

63
Q

what type of polysaccharide is chitin?

A

structural

64
Q

what is the monomer of chitin?

A

beta-glucose

65
Q

list 2 of chitin’s functions

A

exoskeleton of insects
fungal cell wall

66
Q

describe what is meant by GLUCOSAMINE in chitin

A

amino acid side chains - the amino acid group which has reacted with beta-glucose

67
Q

describe the 3 similarities between chitin and cellulose

A

-long chains of beta-glucose 1,4 linked monomers
-monomers rotated 180* in relation to neighbour
-long parallel chains are cross linked by hydrogen binds

68
Q

what’s one difference between the groups in chitin and cellulose?

A

chitin has groups derived from amino acids

69
Q

Why does amylose coil up?

A

more compact within cell walls. hydrogen bonds. no osmotic effect on cells

70
Q

what are the 3 functions of carbohydrates?

A

source of energy, sores energy, structural support

71
Q

What are three main types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

72
Q

list two examples of pentose sugars

A

Ribose, Dioxiribose

73
Q

What is the difference between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose?

A

The location of the hydroxyl group in the structural formula. alpha the OH is beneath, beta the OH is above the carbon atom 1.

Biology 1.1 and Chem unit 4 (7 decks)

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