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Biological Molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What elements are in carbohydrates

A
  • Carbon
  • Hyrdrogen
  • Oxygen
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2
Q

What type of energy release do long chains of carbohydrates have? (Give examples)

A

Slow energy release

  • Potato
  • Rice
  • Pasta
  • Bread
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3
Q

What type of energy release do short chains of carbohydrates have? (Give examples)

A

Faster energy release

  • Fizzy drink
  • Sweets
  • Chocolate
  • Sugar
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4
Q

What types of carbohydrates are sugars?

A

Monomers & Dimmers

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5
Q

Name 3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Fructose
Ribose

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6
Q

Name 3 disaccharides

A

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

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7
Q

Name 3 polysaccharies

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

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8
Q

What is the general formula?

A

Cn H2n On

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9
Q

What does the carbon 1 of a alpha glucose look it?

A 
H
  I
  I
  I
OH
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10
Q

What does the carbon 1 of a beta glucose look it?

A 
OH
  I
  I
  I
 H
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11
Q

Properties of monosaccharides?

A

White, crystaline solid, sweet tasting and soluble in water

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12
Q

What is the functions of monosaccharies?

A
  • Glucose is an important starting material for more complicated carbohydrates.
  • Fructose is the sugar found in fruits.
  • Ribose and deoxyribose (pentoses) are part of nucleotides e.g. RNA and ATP.
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13
Q

What type of bond joins two monosaccharides to make a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bond

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14
Q

What type of reaction occurs to form a disaccharide from monosaccharide?

A

Condensation reaction (removal of water)

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15
Q

What type of reaction occurs to form monosaccharides from a disaccharide?

A

Hydrolysis reaction (addition of water)

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16
Q

What are some disaccharides word equations?

A

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + Water
Glulose + Frucose = Sucrose + Water
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + Water

17
Q

What is another name for polymers?

A

Polysaccharides - which are large complex molecules

18
Q

What is the name of the process of bonding many monomers by condensation reactions?

A

Polymerisation

19
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Individual monosaccharides which joins to form polysaccharides.

20
Q

What type of reaction is polymerisation?

A

Condensation reaction

21
Q

What type of reaction is the breakdown of polymers (polysaccharides)?

A

Hydrolysis

22
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose?

A
  • Alternate beta glucose molecules bonding upside down
  • No branches
  • Striaght-chain molecule
23
Q

What are the properties of cellulose?

A

Make hydrogen bonds with eachother forming microfibrils.

  • these join together forming macrofils.
  • these then combine to make fibres.
  • These fibres are strong and insoluble.
24
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

As it is insoluble, it is used to make cell walls.

- It is also important part of our diet: hard to break down therefore form fibre - helps in digestive system.

25
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

Two parts: amylose and amylopectin
Amylose - long chain of alpha glucose monomers - bonding between carbon 1 and 4. No branching occurs (straight chain)

Amylopectin - long chain of alpha glucose monomers - bonding between carbon 1 and 4; carbon 1 and carbon 6 (every 25 subunits). Branching occurs

Glycosidic bonding occurs between alpha glucoses

26
Q

Properties of Starch

A

Amylose: Compact, less soluble, coiled spiral shape (forming helix)
Amylopectin: Branched, compact, insoluble (glucose molecules at end of branches easily removed via hydrolysis)

27
Q

Function of starch

A
  • Chemical store of energy in plants (as it doesn’t take up much space)
  • Grains in the chloroplast
  • Grains in the nucleus
  • Lysosomes in the chloroplast
28
Q

Structure of Glycogen?

A

Bonding between Carbon 1 and 4, Carbon 1 and 6 (every 10 subunits)
Alpha glucose molecules

29
Q

Properties of Glycogen

A
  • More branches than amylopectin, meaning it’s more compact.

- Glucose molecules easily removed, due to branching

30
Q

Function of Glycogen

A
  • Energy store in animals & fungi
  • Animals are mobile, unlike plants, therefore helpful that glycogen is more compact.
  • glycogen found in liver, muscle and kidney cells.

Biological Molecules (7 decks)

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