Carbohydrates

Question 1

What elements are in carbohydrates

Answer 1

• Carbon
• Hyrdrogen
• Oxygen

Question 2

What type of energy release do long chains of carbohydrates have? (Give examples)

Answer 2

Slow energy release

• Potato
• Rice
• Pasta
• Bread

Question 3

What type of energy release do short chains of carbohydrates have? (Give examples)

Answer 3

Faster energy release

• Fizzy drink
• Sweets
• Chocolate
• Sugar

Question 4

What types of carbohydrates are sugars?

Answer 4

Monomers & Dimmers

Question 5

Name 3 monosaccharides

Answer 5

Glucose
Fructose
Ribose

Question 6

Name 3 disaccharides

Answer 6

Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose

Question 7

Name 3 polysaccharies

Answer 7

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

Question 8

What is the general formula?

Answer 8

Cn H2n On

Question 9

What does the carbon 1 of a alpha glucose look it?

Answer 9

H
  I
  I
  I
OH

Question 10

What does the carbon 1 of a beta glucose look it?

Answer 10

OH
  I
  I
  I
 H

Question 11

Properties of monosaccharides?

Answer 11

White, crystaline solid, sweet tasting and soluble in water

Question 12

What is the functions of monosaccharies?

Answer 12

• Glucose is an important starting material for more complicated carbohydrates.
• Fructose is the sugar found in fruits.
• Ribose and deoxyribose (pentoses) are part of nucleotides e.g. RNA and ATP.

Question 13

What type of bond joins two monosaccharides to make a disaccharide?

Answer 13

Glycosidic bond

Question 14

What type of reaction occurs to form a disaccharide from monosaccharide?

Answer 14

Condensation reaction (removal of water)

Question 15

What type of reaction occurs to form monosaccharides from a disaccharide?

Answer 15

Hydrolysis reaction (addition of water)

Question 16

What are some disaccharides word equations?

Answer 16

Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + Water
Glulose + Frucose = Sucrose + Water
Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + Water

Question 17

What is another name for polymers?

Answer 17

Polysaccharides - which are large complex molecules

Question 18

What is the name of the process of bonding many monomers by condensation reactions?

Answer 18

Polymerisation

Question 19

What is a monomer?

Answer 19

Individual monosaccharides which joins to form polysaccharides.

Question 20

What type of reaction is polymerisation?

Answer 20

Condensation reaction

Question 21

What type of reaction is the breakdown of polymers (polysaccharides)?

Answer 21

Hydrolysis

Question 22

Describe the structure of cellulose?

Answer 22

• Alternate beta glucose molecules bonding upside down
• No branches
• Striaght-chain molecule

Question 23

What are the properties of cellulose?

Answer 23

Make hydrogen bonds with eachother forming microfibrils.

• these join together forming macrofils.
• these then combine to make fibres.
• These fibres are strong and insoluble.

Question 24

What is the function of cellulose?

Answer 24

As it is insoluble, it is used to make cell walls.

- It is also important part of our diet: hard to break down therefore form fibre - helps in digestive system.

Question 25

What is the structure of starch?

Answer 25

Two parts: amylose and amylopectin Amylose - long chain of alpha glucose monomers - bonding between carbon 1 and 4. No branching occurs (straight chain) Amylopectin - long chain of alpha glucose monomers - bonding between carbon 1 and 4; carbon 1 and carbon 6 (every 25 subunits). Branching occurs Glycosidic bonding occurs between alpha glucoses

Question 26

Properties of Starch

Answer 26

Amylose: Compact, less soluble, coiled spiral shape (forming helix) Amylopectin: Branched, compact, insoluble (glucose molecules at end of branches easily removed via hydrolysis)

Question 27

Function of starch

Answer 27

- Chemical store of energy in plants (as it doesn’t take up much space) - Grains in the chloroplast - Grains in the nucleus - Lysosomes in the chloroplast

Question 28

Structure of Glycogen?

Answer 28

Bonding between Carbon 1 and 4, Carbon 1 and 6 (every 10 subunits) Alpha glucose molecules

Question 29

Properties of Glycogen

Answer 29

- More branches than amylopectin, meaning it’s more compact. | - Glucose molecules easily removed, due to branching

Question 30

Function of Glycogen

Answer 30

- Energy store in animals & fungi - Animals are mobile, unlike plants, therefore helpful that glycogen is more compact. - glycogen found in liver, muscle and kidney cells.