carbohydrate structure and function

Question 1

starch and sugar have high energy what?

Answer 1

H atom associated electrons

Question 2

what molecule stores potential energy in

a) Animals
b) plants?

Answer 2

a) Glycogen

b) starch

Question 3

what is the function of carbohydrates in the extra cellular matrix of animal cells?

Answer 3

Structural and protective function

Question 4

name the three important hexoses in human biochemistry?

Answer 4

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Question 5

what type of bond links monomers to form disaccharides?

Answer 5

Glycosidic bonds

Question 6

what is a glycosidic bond?

Answer 6

A covalent bond formed between the anomeric carbon of one monomer and the hydroxyl group of another monomer

Question 7

what is an anomeric carbon?

Answer 7

carbon one on the glucose residue

Question 8

name 3 disaccharides

Answer 8

Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose

Question 9

what disaccharide is a product of starch breakdown and found in beer?

Answer 9

Maltose

Question 10

glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose forms?

Answer 10

Lactose

Question 11

if the anomeric carbon is available for oxidation what is it termed?

Answer 11

A reducing sugar

Question 12

what type of carbohydrate makes up 25% of the dietary carbohydrate?

Answer 12

sucrose

Question 13

Is sucrose a reducing sugar?

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

what features distinguish polysaccharides from each other?

Answer 14

• the recurring monosaccharide units
• length of the chains
• types of bonding
• amount of branching

Question 15

name to 2 types of glucose polymer in starch?

Answer 15

• amylose (20-25%)

- amylopectin (75-80%)

Question 16

where is there 90% of glycogen stored?

Answer 16

Liver and Skeletal muscle

Question 17

what are the benefits of storing glucose in polymers?

Answer 17

gives compactness

Question 18

what allows the amylopectin and glycogen to be readily synthesised and degraded ?

Answer 18

there non-reducing ends

Question 19

are polymers of glucose osmotically active?

Answer 19

NO

Question 20

what do you call proteins with carbohydrates attached?

Answer 20

Glycoproteins

Question 21

what is the function of carbohydrates attached to proteins?

Answer 21

• increases protein solubility
• impacts protein folding and conformation
• protects it from degradation
• acts as a communication between cells

Question 22

what is the function of GAGs?

Answer 22

Found in mucus and around synovial joints

Question 23

what is the name of unbranched polymers made from repeating units of hexuronic acid and an amino-sugar?

Answer 23

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Question 24

what is formed when GAGs covalently attach to proteins?

Answer 24

Proteoglycans

Question 25

where a proteoglycans found?

Answer 25

on cell surface or in-between cells in ECM

Question 26

glycoproteins are found where?

Answer 26

On outer plasma membrane and ECM as well as blood and within the cells in Golgi complex and secretory granules