carbohydrate structure and function Flashcards
starch and sugar have high energy what?
H atom associated electrons
what molecule stores potential energy in
a) Animals
b) plants?
a) Glycogen
b) starch
what is the function of carbohydrates in the extra cellular matrix of animal cells?
Structural and protective function
name the three important hexoses in human biochemistry?
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
what type of bond links monomers to form disaccharides?
Glycosidic bonds
what is a glycosidic bond?
A covalent bond formed between the anomeric carbon of one monomer and the hydroxyl group of another monomer
what is an anomeric carbon?
carbon one on the glucose residue
name 3 disaccharides
Maltose
Lactose
Sucrose
what disaccharide is a product of starch breakdown and found in beer?
Maltose
glycosidic bond between glucose and galactose forms?
Lactose
if the anomeric carbon is available for oxidation what is it termed?
A reducing sugar
what type of carbohydrate makes up 25% of the dietary carbohydrate?
sucrose
Is sucrose a reducing sugar?
NO
what features distinguish polysaccharides from each other?
- the recurring monosaccharide units
- length of the chains
- types of bonding
- amount of branching
name to 2 types of glucose polymer in starch?
- amylose (20-25%)
- amylopectin (75-80%)
where is there 90% of glycogen stored?
Liver and Skeletal muscle
what are the benefits of storing glucose in polymers?
gives compactness
what allows the amylopectin and glycogen to be readily synthesised and degraded ?
there non-reducing ends
are polymers of glucose osmotically active?
NO
what do you call proteins with carbohydrates attached?
Glycoproteins
what is the function of carbohydrates attached to proteins?
- increases protein solubility
- impacts protein folding and conformation
- protects it from degradation
- acts as a communication between cells
what is the function of GAGs?
Found in mucus and around synovial joints
what is the name of unbranched polymers made from repeating units of hexuronic acid and an amino-sugar?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
what is formed when GAGs covalently attach to proteins?
Proteoglycans
where a proteoglycans found?
on cell surface or in-between cells in ECM
glycoproteins are found where?
On outer plasma membrane and ECM as well as blood and within the cells in Golgi complex and secretory granules
