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Biochemistry MCAT > Carbohydrate Metabolism I > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism I Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

(Blank) is found in the liver for glucose storage and pancreatic beta-islet cells as part of glucose sensor

A

GLUT2

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2
Q

(Blank) is found in adipose tissue and muscles and is stimulated by insulin

A

GLUT4

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3
Q

To increase the in take of glucose by GLUT4 transporters, you must (blank)

A

Increase the number of GLUT4 transporters on the plasma membrane

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4
Q

(Blank) occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells, converts glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules, yields 2 ATP per molecule of glucose, captures energy through 2 substrate level phosphorylations and 1 oxidation reaction, and does not require oxygen

A

Glycolysis

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5
Q

(Blank) traps glucose in the cells, is irreversible, converts glucose to glucose-6-P, is present in pancreatic beta-islet cells as a part of glucose sensor, and is responsive to insulin in the liver

A

Glucokinase

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6
Q

(Blank) traps glucose in the cells, is irreversible, and converts glucose to glucose-6-P in the peripheral tissues

A

Hexokinase

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7
Q

(Blank) is a rate limiting enzyme, is irreversible, converts fructose-6-P to F-1,6-bisP using ATP, is activated by AMP and F-2,6-bisP, and is inhibited by ATP and citrate

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

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8
Q

(Blank) produces the F-2,6-bisP that activates PFK-1, is activated by insulin, and is inhibited by glucagon

A

Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2)

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9
Q

(Blank) is reversible, creates high energy intermediates, and produces NADH that feeds into the ETC

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

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10
Q

(Blank) is reversible, carries out substrate level phosphorylation, and forms ATP

A

3-phosphoglycerate kinase

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11
Q

(Blank) is irreversible, carries out substrate level phosphorylation, and forms ATP

A

Pyruvate kinase

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12
Q

When oxygen present, NADH produced in glycolysis will be oxidized by the (blank)

A

ETC

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13
Q

If oxygen is absent, the NADH from glycolysis is oxidized by (blank)

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

(Blank) occurs in the absence of oxygen, oxidizes NADH to NAD+, uses lactate dehydrogenase, and is needed to regenerate NAD+ and coenzymes for glycolysis

A

Fermentation

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15
Q

(Blank) is a glycolysis intermediate, is used in hepatic and adipose tissue for triacylglycerol synthesis, and is formed from F-1,6-bisP

A

DHAP

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16
Q

(Blank and blank) is a glycolysis high energy intermediate used to generate ATP by substrate level phosphorylation

A

1,3-BPG and PEP

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17
Q

Glycolysis in RBC is (blank) to produce ATP

A

Anaerobic

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18
Q

RBC use (blank) to make 2,3-BPG from 1,3-BPG

A

Biphosphoglycerate mutase

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19
Q

(Blank) binds allosterically to beta-chain of hemoglobin and decrease affinity for oxygen

A

2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

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20
Q

(Blank) hemoglobin must steal oxygen from (blank) hemoglobin at placenta interface

A

Fetal
Maternal

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21
Q

(Blank) comes from lactose in milk and is trapped in the cell by galactokinase

A

Galactose

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22
Q

Galactose is phosphorylated by (blank)

A

Galactokinase

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23
Q

Lactose is hydrolyzed to galactose by (blank)

A

Lactase

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24
Q

Galactose-1-P converted to glucose-1-P by (blank and blank)

A

Galactose-1-P uridyltransferase and epimerase

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25
Q

(Blank) comes from sucrose in honey and fruit and is trapped in cell by fructokinase to form glyceraldehyde and DHAP

A

Fructose

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26
Q

Sucrose is hydrolyzed by (blank) to make glucose and fructose

A

Sucrase

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27
Q

(Blank) converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, is stimulated by insulin, and is inhibited by acetyl-CoA

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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28
Q

A build up of acetyl-CoA occurs as a result of (blank)

A

Beta-oxidation

29
Q

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by PDH for (blank)

A

Citric acid cycle

30
Q

Pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase for (blank)

A

Gluconeogenesis

31
Q

Reactants of the PDC

A

Pyruvate, NAD+, and CoA

32
Q

Products of the PDC

A

Acetyl Co-A, NADH, and CO2

33
Q

(Blank) is a branched polymer of glucose that is the storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

34
Q

Synthesis and degradation of glycogen occurs in the (blank and blank)

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

35
Q

Glycogen stored in the (blank) is a source of glucose that is mobilized between meals to prevent low blood sugar

A

Liver

36
Q

Glycogen stored in the (blank) is a source of energy for muscle contractions

A

Skeletal muscles

37
Q

(Blank) is glycogen synthesis using glycogen synthase and branching enzyme

A

Glycogenesis

38
Q

(Blank) is the part of glycogenesis that creates alpha-1,4 glycosidic links, is a rate limiting enzyme, is activated by glucose-6-P and insulin, and is inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon

A

Glycogen synthase

39
Q

(Blank) is the part of glycogenesis that moves a block of oligoglucose from one chain and adds it to the growing glycogen as a new branch using an alpha-1,6 glycosidic links

A

Branching enzyme

40
Q

(Blank) is the breakdown of glycogen using glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

A

Glycogenolysis

41
Q

(Blank) is the part of glycogenolysis that breaks alpha-1,4 glycosidic links, is the rate limiting enzyme, is activated by glucagon to prevent low blood sugar in the liver, and is activated by epinephrine and AMP to provide glucose for muscles

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

42
Q

(Blank) is the part of glycogenolysis that moves a block of oligoglucose from one branch and connects it to the chain using an alpha-1,4-glycosidic link, and hydrolyzes alpha-1,6 bonds, releasing a free glucose

A

Debranching enzyme

43
Q

(Blank) occurs in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria in the liver and kidney, is the reverse of glycolysis used to maintain glucose levels during a fast, is activated by glucagon and epinephrine, and in inhibited by insulin

A

Gluconeogenesis

44
Q

Important substrates for gluconeogenesis

A

glycerol 3-phosphate (from stored fats, or triacylglycerols in adipose tissue); lactate (from anaerobic glycolysis); glucogenic amino acid (from muscle proteins such as alanine)

45
Q

(Blank) converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis and is activated by acetyl-CoA from beta-oxidation

A

Pyruvate carboxyolase

46
Q

(Blank) converts oxaloacetate to PEP in gluconeogenesis and is activated by glucagon and cortisol

A

PEPCK

47
Q

(Blank) in gluconeogenesis bypasses pyruvate kinase in glycolysis

A

Pyruvate carboxyolase and PEPCK

48
Q

(Blank) converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose-6-P in gluconeogenesis, is the rate limiting step, is activated by ATP and glucagon, and is inhibited by AMP and insulin

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

49
Q

(Blank) in gluconeogenesis bypasses PFK-1 in glycolysis

A

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase

50
Q

(Blank) in gluconeogenesis bypasses glucokinase in glycolysis

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

51
Q

(Blank) converts glucose-6-P to free glucose in glyconeogenesis and is only found in the ER of the liver

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

52
Q

The (blank) occurs in the cytoplasm of most cells, generating NADPH and sugars for biosynthesis

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)

53
Q

The rate limiting enzyme in the PPP is (blank), which is activated by NADP+ and insulin and inhibited by NADPH

A

Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase

54
Q

High levels of (blank) implies that the cell is energetically satisfied enough to produce glucose for the rest of the body

A

ATP

55
Q

High levels of (blank) imply that the cells needs energy and cannot afford to produce energy for the rest of the body before satisfying its own requirement

A

AMP

56
Q

Hepatic gluconeogenesis is always dependent on beta-oxidation of (blank) in the liver because during low blood sugar, adipose tissue will release them

A

Fatty acids

57
Q

(Blank) acts as an electron donor, is a reducing agent, assists in lipid biosynthesis, forms bactericidal bleach in WBC, and maintains glutathione

A

NADPH

58
Q

(Blank) inhibits the PDH complex and activates pyruvate carboxylase

A

Acetyl-CoA

59
Q

(Blank) does not require a constant supply of glucose from the blood during fasting because it can produce its own from gluconeogenesis

A

Liver

60
Q

Acetyl-CoA feeds into the (blank)

A

Citric acid cycle

61
Q

Lactate feeds into (blank)

A

Fermenation

62
Q

Oxoloacetate feeds in (blank)

A

Beta oxidation

63
Q

When fatty acid beta-oxidation predominates in the liver, mitochondrial pyruvate is carboxylated to oxaloacetate for entry into (blank)

A

Gluconeogenesis

64
Q

Accumulation of glycogen granules with single glucose residue remaining at the branch points is likely a defect in (blank) enzyme

A

Debranching

65
Q

After intense exercise, the activity of muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase increases, causing an increase in (blank) concentration

A

Pyruvate

66
Q

(Blank) metabolism is least impacted by PFK-1

A

Fructose

67
Q

A collection of oxidized hemoglobin and RBC lysis would be caused by a defect in (blank) enzyme

A

Glucose-6-P dehydrogenase

68
Q

After an overnight fast, the (blank) process would be expected to occur at elevated rates compared to a well feed state

A

Glycogenolysis

69
Q

If there was a defect in the branching enzyme, the number of alpha-1,4 bonds would (blank)

A

Increase

Biochemistry MCAT (11 decks)

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