Carbohydrate disorders Flashcards
Composition of carbohydrates
- CHO. Hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1
___ found in plants
Strach
Strach composition
is a mixture of amylose (straight
chains of glucose) and amylopectin (branched chains of
glucose).
Highly branches polysaccharide found in animals
Glycogen
Its main role is to provide energy
Carbohydrates
Is the major carbohydrate used for energy production
Glucose
How is Homestasis maintained?
- Potential loss in urine if the renal threshold is exceeded.
- Liver removes about 70% of the glucose that is delivered via the
portal circulation.
-Some of the glucose is oxidized and some is
converted to glycogen to be used as a source of energy under
fasting conditions.
-Converted by liver to FA and TG, which are then incorporated into (VLDLs)
and transported to adipose tissue stores.
Lowers blood glucose level
Insulin
Insulin is formed as \_\_\_\_\_\_ which is formed of A-chain and Bchain connected by C peptide packaged in secretory granules in Golgi apparatus, then it’s cleaved to insulin and C peptide to be active.
pre-proinsulin
Anti-insulin hormones ?
Glucogen
Adrenaline
Growth hormone
Glucocorticosteriods
It is a condition in which glucose level increases in blood.
Hyperglycemia
Signs of hyperglycemia? ( early signs)
Polyuria
- polydipsia
- Polyphagia
- Weight loss
- Fatigue and Headache
Later signs of hyperglycemia?
- Ketoacidosis
- Fruit urine and smelling breath
- dry mouth
- coma
- weakness
- confusion
- abdominal pain
- confusion
- Nausea and vomiting
Causes of Hyperglycemia?
- Types of Diabetes
- Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
- Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
- Bronze Diabetes
- Gestational Diabetes - Pancreatitis
- Pancreatic cancer
- Cushing’s syndrome
- Unusual hormone-secreting tumors
LOOK AT PAGE 7
LOOK AT PAGE 7
It’s a condition in which the body absorbs excess iron from
food and storing it in some organs as Pancrease leading to
damage of Islets of Langerhan’s beta cells.
Bronze diabetes
Bronze diabetes AKA:
Hemochromatosis- ( because it can lead to darkening of the skin and hyperglycemia).
This term describes women with abnormal glucose
tolerance which is temporary that reverts to normal
levels after delivery
Gestational Diabetes
When are symptoms of gestational diabetes first recognized ?
- first recognized or has its onset during pregnancy
poor blood glucose control can cause?
- higher incidence of intrauterine death and fetal
malformation so urgent treatment is needed.
Complications of diabetes?
- Diabetic Retinopathy
- Diabetic Nephropathy
- Diabetic Neuropathy
- Stroke
- Cardiovascular disease
Causes of hypoglycemia?
- Reactive or Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia.
- Insulinoma
What causes hypoglycemia?
- Reactive or Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia occurs 2–5 h after
meals and does not occur during a fast. - Insulinoma: A small benign adenoma of the pancreatic islets that
secretes inappropriate amounts of insulin.
Most patients develop symptomatic hypoglycemia when blood sugar
level drops below _____Immediate intervention is required for
hypoglycemia.
60 mg/dl.
How to diagnose Insulinoma?
- The fasting plasma insulin concn(btw, inappropriately high)
- Measuring plasma C peptide conc (Exogenous insulin contain little or no C-peptide)
Causes of hypoglycemia?
- Reactive/Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia
- Insulionoma Accidental/delibrate overdose of insulin, deficiency in anti-insulin hormones.
- Deficiency in anti-insulin hormones
Examples of anti-insulin hormones?
- Addison’s disease
- Hypothyroidism/Cretinism
s adrenocortical insufficiency due to
the dysfunction of the entire adrenal cortex.
Addisons disease
4 types of glucose tests?
- Random Blood glucose
- Fasting blood glucose test
- post prandial
- oral glucsose tolerance test
Glucose Normal range? Post-prandial Fasting Hypoglycemic coma Random
- Postprandial (80-120 mg/dl)
- Fasting (70-110 mg/dl)
- Hypoglycemic coma (<40 mg/dl)
-Random (80-160 mg/dl)
Diagnosis?
- Random plasma glucose (200mg/dl) OR fasting plasma glucose: 140mg/dl
- A single result is sufficient in the presence of typical
hyperglycemic symptoms of thirst and polyuria.
-In their absence, a venous plasma [glucose] in the diabetic range
should be detected on at least two separate occasions on
different days.
What should be performed when theres doubt about results?
OGIT: [glucose]
is only needed for confirmation and is unequivocally high.
-The diagnosis should never be made on the basis of a single test
in a patient without symptoms
Tests performed in diabetes?
- Oral glucose tolerance test
- glycated hemoglobin
What should be avoided following 12 hours before the test?
Eating, smoking, and heavy exercise
Reaction of Hb with glucose forms ________
HbA1C
Normal Levels of HbA1c?
- Normal (: HbA1C below 5.7)
- prediabetes (HbA1C between 5.7% and 6.4)
- Diabetes (HbA1C of 6.5% or higher)
Determination of blood glucose level?
Glucose+O2+H2O (w/ Glucose Oxidase ) turn into Gluconicacid+H2O2
-2 H2O2+ 4 aminoantipyrine+ Phenol (w/Peroxidase) Quinoneiminedye + 4 H2O
