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Clinical Biochemistry > Carbohydrate disorders > Flashcards

Carbohydrate disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Composition of carbohydrates

A
  • CHO. Hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 2:1
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2
Q

___ found in plants

A

Strach

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3
Q

Strach composition

A

is a mixture of amylose (straight
chains of glucose) and amylopectin (branched chains of
glucose).

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4
Q

Highly branches polysaccharide found in animals

A

Glycogen

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5
Q

Its main role is to provide energy

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Is the major carbohydrate used for energy production

A

Glucose

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7
Q

How is Homestasis maintained?

A
  • Potential loss in urine if the renal threshold is exceeded.
  • Liver removes about 70% of the glucose that is delivered via the
    portal circulation.

-Some of the glucose is oxidized and some is
converted to glycogen to be used as a source of energy under
fasting conditions.

-Converted by liver to FA and TG, which are then incorporated into (VLDLs)
and transported to adipose tissue stores.

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8
Q

Lowers blood glucose level

A

Insulin

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9
Q 
Insulin is formed as \_\_\_\_\_\_
which is formed of A-chain and Bchain connected by C peptide
packaged in secretory granules in
Golgi apparatus, then it’s cleaved to
insulin and C peptide to be active.
A

pre-proinsulin

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10
Q

Anti-insulin hormones ?

A

Glucogen
Adrenaline
Growth hormone
Glucocorticosteriods

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11
Q

It is a condition in which glucose level increases in blood.

A

Hyperglycemia

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12
Q

Signs of hyperglycemia? ( early signs)

A

Polyuria

  • polydipsia
  • Polyphagia
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue and Headache
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13
Q

Later signs of hyperglycemia?

A
  • Ketoacidosis
  • Fruit urine and smelling breath
  • dry mouth
  • coma
  • weakness
  • confusion
  • abdominal pain
  • confusion
  • Nausea and vomiting
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14
Q

Causes of Hyperglycemia?

A
  1. Types of Diabetes
    - Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
    - Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
    - Bronze Diabetes
    - Gestational Diabetes
  2. Pancreatitis
  3. Pancreatic cancer
  4. Cushing’s syndrome
  5. Unusual hormone-secreting tumors
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15
Q

LOOK AT PAGE 7

A

LOOK AT PAGE 7

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16
Q

It’s a condition in which the body absorbs excess iron from
food and storing it in some organs as Pancrease leading to
damage of Islets of Langerhan’s beta cells.

A

Bronze diabetes

17
Q

Bronze diabetes AKA:

A

Hemochromatosis- ( because it can lead to darkening of the skin and hyperglycemia).

18
Q

This term describes women with abnormal glucose
tolerance which is temporary that reverts to normal
levels after delivery

A

Gestational Diabetes

19
Q

When are symptoms of gestational diabetes first recognized ?

A
  • first recognized or has its onset during pregnancy
20
Q

poor blood glucose control can cause?

A
  • higher incidence of intrauterine death and fetal

malformation so urgent treatment is needed.

21
Q

Complications of diabetes?

A
  • Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Diabetic Nephropathy
  • Diabetic Neuropathy
  • Stroke
  • Cardiovascular disease
22
Q

Causes of hypoglycemia?

A
  • Reactive or Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia.

- Insulinoma

23
Q

What causes hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Reactive or Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia occurs 2–5 h after
    meals and does not occur during a fast.
  2. Insulinoma: A small benign adenoma of the pancreatic islets that
    secretes inappropriate amounts of insulin.
24
Q

Most patients develop symptomatic hypoglycemia when blood sugar
level drops below _____Immediate intervention is required for
hypoglycemia.

A

60 mg/dl.

25
Q

How to diagnose Insulinoma?

A
  • The fasting plasma insulin concn(btw, inappropriately high)
  • Measuring plasma C peptide conc (Exogenous insulin contain little or no C-peptide)
26
Q

Causes of hypoglycemia?

A
  • Reactive/Post-Prandial (PP) hypoglycemia
  • Insulionoma Accidental/delibrate overdose of insulin, deficiency in anti-insulin hormones.
  • Deficiency in anti-insulin hormones
27
Q

Examples of anti-insulin hormones?

A
  • Addison’s disease

- Hypothyroidism/Cretinism

28
Q

s adrenocortical insufficiency due to

the dysfunction of the entire adrenal cortex.

A

Addisons disease

29
Q

4 types of glucose tests?

A
  • Random Blood glucose
  • Fasting blood glucose test
  • post prandial
  • oral glucsose tolerance test
30
Q 
Glucose Normal range?
Post-prandial
Fasting
Hypoglycemic coma
Random
A
  • Postprandial (80-120 mg/dl)
  • Fasting (70-110 mg/dl)
  • Hypoglycemic coma (<40 mg/dl)

-Random (80-160 mg/dl)

31
Q

Diagnosis?

A
  • Random plasma glucose (200mg/dl) OR fasting plasma glucose: 140mg/dl
  • A single result is sufficient in the presence of typical
    hyperglycemic symptoms of thirst and polyuria.
    -In their absence, a venous plasma [glucose] in the diabetic range
    should be detected on at least two separate occasions on
    different days.
32
Q

What should be performed when theres doubt about results?

A

OGIT: [glucose]
is only needed for confirmation and is unequivocally high.
-The diagnosis should never be made on the basis of a single test
in a patient without symptoms

33
Q

Tests performed in diabetes?

A
  • Oral glucose tolerance test

- glycated hemoglobin

34
Q

What should be avoided following 12 hours before the test?

A

Eating, smoking, and heavy exercise

35
Q

Reaction of Hb with glucose forms ________

A

HbA1C

36
Q

Normal Levels of HbA1c?

A
  • Normal (: HbA1C below 5.7)
  • prediabetes (HbA1C between 5.7% and 6.4)
  • Diabetes (HbA1C of 6.5% or higher)
37
Q

Determination of blood glucose level?

A

Glucose+O2+H2O (w/ Glucose Oxidase ) turn into Gluconicacid+H2O2

-2 H2O2+ 4 aminoantipyrine+ Phenol (w/Peroxidase) Quinoneiminedye + 4 H2O

Clinical Biochemistry (4 decks)

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