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Biochem 2 > Carb Metabolism (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Carb Metabolism (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose is the sole energy source for the following (dependent on glucose to function properly):

A

1) RBCs
2) adrenal medulla
3) CNS
4) gamates

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1
Q

T/F: only the liver has glycogen metabolism AND carb metabolism and controls blood glucose

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Where does glycogenesis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm of liver and muscle

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3
Q

Where does glycogenolysis occur?

A

in cytoplasm of liver and muscles

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4
Q

Where does glucogenesis occur?

A

in mitochondria AND cytoplasm of LIVER

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm of ALL tissues

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6
Q

Glycolysis has 3 stages. What steps are a part of the energy investment stage/preparatory stage/stage 1?

A

step 1, 2, 3

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7
Q

Glycolysis has 3 stages. What steps are a part of the splitting stage/stage 2 (no energy is involved here)?

A

step 4 and 5

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8
Q

Glycolysis has 3 stages. What steps are a part of the energy payoff stage/ stage 3?

A

step 6-10

step 6 is the only step that creates NADH

step 7 and 10 create ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

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9
Q

Which metabolic pathway converts glucose to pyruvate?

A

glycolysis

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10
Q

How many steps are there in glycolysis?

A

10 steps

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11
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose molecule= 2 NADH and 2 ATP

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12
Q

What are the 2 rate limiting steps in stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

step 1 and 3

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13
Q

What are the 3 rate limiting steps in glycolysis?

A

step 1, 3, and 10

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14
Q

What type of reaction is step 1 of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation reaction

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15
Q

What energy is invested during stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

1 ATP during step 1 and another during step 3 of glycolysis

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16
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to G6P in step 1 of glycolysis?

A

HK or GK

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17
Q

What type of reaction is step 2 of glycolysis?

A

isomerization reaction

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18
Q

What enzyme converts G6P to F6P during step 2 of glycolysis?

A

phosphogluco-isomerase (PGI)

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19
Q

What type of reaction is step 3 of glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation reaction

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20
Q

Which enzyme converts F6P to fructose 1,6 biphosphate?

A

phospho-fructokinase 1 (PFK1)

note: PFK2 also exists and would move the phosphate to C2, but this is not in glycolysis…. to be continued

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21
Q

Stage 2 of glycolysis is where “glucose” gets split into 2 molecules. This is step 4 and 5 of glycolysis. What happens here?

A

-fructose 1,6 BP gets split into 2 trioses
-the 2 trioses are glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (GAP) and dihydroxyacetone 3 phosphate (DHAP)
-this step is catalyzed by an aldolase
-DHAP and GAP are isomers and can easily be interchanged with triose phosphate isomerase
-only GAP enters into stage 3 of glycolysis, so DHAP will have to convert to GAP, and 2 GAPs will enter the next stage

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22
Q

What enzyme converts GAP to 1, 3 biphosphoglycerate (1, 3 BPG)?

A

GAP dehydrogenase

note: NADH is made in this step!!!

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23
Q

What type of reaction is step 6 of glycolysis?

A

oxidation reaction

the aldehyde (GAP) is oxidized to carboxylate and a phosphate (1, 3 BPG)

note: 1,3 BPG is a high energy molecule because it has an O-P bond

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24
Q

Which enzyme converts 1,3 BPG to 3 phosphoglycerate in step 7 of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

note: 1,3 BPG is a high energy phosphate molecule and is used to make the first ATP in glycolysis with substrate level phosphorylation

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25
Q

What steps of glycolysis undergo substrate level phosphorylation?

A

step 7 and 10

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26
Q

What enzymes in glycolysis can do substrate level phosphorylation?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase in step 7

pyruvate kinase in step 10

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27
Q

Which enzyme converts 3 phosphoglycerate to 2 phosphoglycerate in step 8 of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

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28
Q

Which enzyme converts 2 phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in step 9 of glycolysis?

A

enolase

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29
Q

What type of a reaction is step 4 of glycolysis?

A

lyase reaction

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30
Q

What type of reaction is step 9 of glycolysis?

A

dehydration reaction (remove water)

note: PEP (end product of step 9) is a high energy phosphate molecule

31
Q

What enzyme converts PEP to pyruvate in step 10 of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase

32
Q

The 2NADH created in glycolysis will go to the ETC which is in the….

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

33
Q

What happens to NADH if theres no oxygen present?

A

it will be converted to NAD+ by donating H to pyruvate, and pyruvate will become lactate

34
Q

What has more energy- pyruvate or lactate?

A

lactate because it has more H bonds

35
Q

What is the net product of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

1 glucose molecule= 2 ATP, 0 NADH

36
Q

Accumulation of lactic acid ________________ pH

A

decreases

37
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

-in times of anaerobic glycolysis, later lactate will need to be broken down
-lactate produced by the muscle enters the liver
-in the liver, lactate will be converted back to glucose
-anything that helps blood flow like light cool down post workout, stretching, massage gun, etc will help Cori cycle and reduce soreness
-soreness happens when muscles cannot process lactate and Cori cycle is delayed (like when you workout and just stop without cool down)

38
Q

Which enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate, or lactate to pyruvate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

39
Q

What are 4 reasons anaerobic glycolysis occurs?

A

1) fast contracting muscles during exercise
2) acute or chronic medical conditions that affect oxygen like anemia, any lung condition, or any cardiovascular disease
3) hepatic diseases because the liver is the only location for ALL of the glycogen and carb metabolism
4) RBCs do not have mitochondria so there is no ETC

40
Q

T/F: 2, 3 BPG and 1,3 BPG are isomers

A

true

41
Q

_____________ makes 1,3 BPG, whereas __________ make 2,3 BPG

A

Glycolysis, RBCs

42
Q

in RBCs, glucose gets converted to GAP. GAP will convert to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate with what enzyme?

A

GAP DH

43
Q

In RBCs, glucose gets converted to GAP. GAP will convert to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate with GAP DH. At this point it can go 1 of 2 ways. 1,3 biphosphoglycerate can be converted to 3 phosphoglycerate and then pyruvate. What enzyme does this and what reaction is this?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase converts 1,3 BPG to 3 phosphoglycerate and makes ATP through substrate level phosphorylation

44
Q

In RBCs, glucose gets converted to GAP. GAP will convert to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate with GAP DH. At this point it can go 1 of 2 ways. 1,3 BPG can be converted to 2,3 BPG when there is low oxygen in RBCs. What enzyme does this?

A

biphosphoglycerate mutase

45
Q

In RBCs, glucose gets converted to GAP. GAP will convert to 1,3 biphosphoglycerate with GAP DH. At this point it can go 1 of 2 ways. 1,3 BPG can be converted to 2,3 BPG when there is low oxygen in RBCs with biphosphoglycerate mutase. Then once the body no longer needs 2,3 BPG, it will be converted to 3 phosphoglycerate and then pyruvate. Which enzyme converts 2,3 BPG to 3 phosphoglycerate?

A

2,3 biphosphoglycerate phosphatase

46
Q

Where does ATP come from in RBCs?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

47
Q

When would we see a right shift in the hemoglobin oxygen binding curve?

A

-Hb-oxygen binding affinity decreases
-tissues will have more oxygen
-high levels of 2,3 BPG causes a R shift
-2,3 BPG is created in RBCs
-acidic/low pH with lactic acid present (Bohr’s effect)
-lactic acid is created in muscles
-2,3 BPG binds to hemoglobin

48
Q

T/F: the inner membrane of the mitochondria is very selective and only VIP molecules can make it inside without a shuttle

A

true

49
Q

In the malate shuttle process, where does NADH come from?

A

NADH generating step of glycolysis (step 6)

50
Q

In the malate shuttle process, NADH donates a H to who?

A

OAA which will become malate

51
Q

What are the 2 VIP molecules related to the malate shuttle that dont need a shuttle to get into the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

malate and aspartate

52
Q

Once malate gets into the inner membrane of the mitochondria through the malate shuttle, what does it get converted to?

A

Malate donates H back to NAD+ and NAD+ will become NADH which will go to the ETC and generate 3 ATP

the malate in this process will be converted back to OAA

53
Q

After the malate shuttle transported malate inside and was converted to OAA, what was the next conversion?

A

OAA was converted to aspartate

aspartate is a VIP molecule and can easily go in and out

an amino group was removed from OAA to make aspartate

54
Q

After the malate shuttle, once the aspartate makes it back to the cytoplasm what does it become?

A

OAA when an amino group is added

55
Q

Which mitochondrial shuttle produces more ATP- malate shuttle or glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle?

A

malate shuttle

56
Q

How do you know which shuttle will be used in the mitochondria?

A

it depends on what is available- enzymes and AAs

57
Q

T/F: NADH needs a shuttle to get into the mitochondria

A

true!!!! theres 2 different shuttles that can do this

58
Q

T/F: there is only one ETC in each mitochondria

A

false- theres multiple in each mitochondria

59
Q

How many ATP are generated from the malate shuttle?

A

1 NADH= 3 ATP

60
Q

During glycolysis, DHAP is generated and will undergo reaction with NADH to be converted to glycerol 3 phosphate. What enzyme converts glycerol 3 phosphate to allow the molecule through the shuttle and produce FADH2 as a result?

A

glycerol 3 phosphate DH

61
Q

How many ATP are generate with the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle?

A

1 NADH= 2 ATP
2 NADH= 4 ATP

62
Q

How many ATP are generated per glucose in aerobic glycolysis?

A

6-8 ATP, 0 NADH (2 were used to make ATP), 0 CO2 (not generated here)

6 ATP come from ETC, 2 ATP come from substrate level phosphorylation (so the max is 8)

if she tries to trick you——
-if theres 2 ATP, then there is still 2 NADH available to make MORE ATP (hasn’t gone through ETC yet)

63
Q

How many ATP are generated per glucose in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

2 ATP (they came from substrate level phosphorylation)

64
Q

The rate limiting steps in glycolysis are step 1, 3, and 10, so these steps need to be _______________

A

regulated

65
Q

HK and GK are the rate limiting enzymes of step 1 of glycolysis. What is the allosteric inhibitor for each one?

A

HK allosteric inhibitor= G6P

GK allosteric inhibitor= F6P

66
Q

PFK1 is the rate limiting enzyme in step 3 of glycolysis. It has 4 different allosteric regulators. Who are the activators?

A

high ADP or AMP

or

fructose 2,6 biphosphate

(Increased levels of ADP and AMP infer reduced levels of ATP suggesting a need for glucose catabolism to generate more ATP)

(F 2,6 BP is a regulatory molecule responsive to the blood sugar hormones, glucagon, and insulin)

67
Q

PFK1 is the rate limiting enzyme in step 3 of glycolysis. It has 4 different allosteric regulators. Who are the inhibitors?

A

high ATP

or

high citrate

(high ATP levels indicate sufficient energy levels and a reduced demand for glucose catabolism)

(citrate is generated in the TCA cycle. Excess citrate infers a sufficient supply of TCA cycle intermediates and no demand for additional glucose catabolism)

68
Q

What hormones regulate PFK2?

A

insulin and glucagon

69
Q

Are PFK2 and PFK1 activated at the same time?

A

yes

70
Q

Which enzyme of glycolysis pathway is sensitive to raising insulin levels?

A

PFK2

71
Q

T/F: the product of PFK2 regulates PFK1

A

true- the product is F 2, 6 BP

72
Q

Which allosteric activator will turn on PFK1?

A

F 2, 6 BP

this is the strongest activator of PFK1!!!!! Even if ATP was inhibiting PFK1, F2,6BP can overpower it when needed

73
Q

Pyruvate kinase is the RLE in step 10 of glycolysis. Pyruvate kinase is inhibited by….

A

ATP and acetyl coA

high acetyl coA= inhibit PDH AND pyruvate kinase

74
Q

In the process of glycolysis, one mole of glucose is oxidized to form 2 moles of pyruvate, and?

A

2 moles of NADH and 2 moles of ATP

74
Q

In RBCs, the NADH from glycolysis donates electrons to _______________ which produces __________ additional ATP

A

pyruvate, 0

(only substrate level phosphorylation or ETC can make ATP)

75
Q

In a yeast cell under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, which enters the ________________. NADH donates electrons to a protein of the ETC. The total ATP/glucose produced from these processes and glycolysis is _______

A

citric acid cycle, ~36

Biochem 2 (13 decks)

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