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Biochem 2 > Biosynthesis of AAs (mini-test 2) > Flashcards

Biosynthesis of AAs (mini-test 2) Flashcards

1
Q

When are AAs synthesized in the body- fed or fasting state?

A

fed state

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2
Q

How many essential AAs are there for kids compared to adults?

A

10 essential AAs for kids, 8 for adults (2 are conditional)

this means these AAs need to be obtained from diet

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3
Q

Nonessential AAs can be synthesized from intermediate metabolites or…

A

essential AAs

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4
Q

All AAs are derived from intermediates of ____________ metabolism

A

glucose

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5
Q

VITM are 4 AAs that can synthesize SCoA. How many of these AAs can be synthesized within the body and are nonessential?

A

none of them! All 4 are essential

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6
Q

What AAs can be synthesized from alpha KG?

A
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7
Q

Glutamate can synthesize what AAs?

A

-glutamine
-proline
-arginine

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8
Q

PHAGG are 5 AAs that can synthesize….

A

alpha KG

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9
Q

Phe is essential, but once in the body it can synthesize tyrosine with phenylalanine hydroxylase. What can tyrosine synthesize from here?

A

fumarate

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10
Q

What AAs are made from OAA?

A

Asp and Asn

OAA will make Asp with AST and then Asp can convert to Asn

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11
Q

What AAs can be made from pyruvate?

A

alanine only

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12
Q

G CAST are 5 AAs that can make….

A

pyruvate

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13
Q

What AAs can be made from 3 phosphoglycerate (glycolysis intermediate)?

A

-serine
-cystiene
-glycine

3PG can make Ser which then can make either Gly or Cys

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14
Q

What AAs can be made from phenylalanine?

A

tyrosine

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15
Q

The sulfur group of homocysteine is transferred to serine to make….

A

cysteine

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16
Q

Is methionine essential or nonessential?

A

essential

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17
Q

Is cysteine essential or nonessential?

A

nonessential BUT it will become essential only if theres not enough methionine in the body

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18
Q

What are the 3 aromatic AAs?

A

1) trp
2) phe
3) tyr

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19
Q

Aromatic rings in aromatic AAs are derived from a common precursor called….

A

chorismate

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20
Q

The indole ring for trp is synthesized from chorismate and…

A

phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)

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21
Q

What is PRPP?

A

phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP)
-it is an active form of ribose
-used in synthesizing nucleotides (ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP), histidine, and tryptophan

major function is to create nucleotides!

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22
Q

What are the 2 most common biomolecules derived from AAs?

A

1) proteins
2) precursors of other nitrogen containing compounds called amines (porphyrins, neurotransmitters, hormones, purines, pyrimidines, coenzymes, etc)

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23
Q

Porphyrin + _____ = heme

A

Fe

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24
Q

What part of heme binds to oxygen?

A

Fe

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25
Q

What are some examples of hormones that get synthesized from AAs?

A

-thyroid hormones
-glucagon
-insulin

26
Q

Can the body synthesize mature heme?

A

NO

27
Q

What are porphyrins?

A

-cyclic organic compounds that bind metal ions
-they are found primarily on chromoproteins like hemoglobin, cytochromes, and chlorophyll
-the ring structure is assembled mainly from glycine
-most prevalent is heme, which is one ferrous iron coordinated in the center of the ring and it is rapidly synthesized and degraded

28
Q

decreased heme=

A

anemia

29
Q

The ring structure of porphyrins is assembled mainly from what AA?

A

glycine

30
Q

glycine + _______ will eventually make the porphyrin ring

A

SCoA

31
Q

What disease is caused from defective heme synthesis?

A

porphyrias

32
Q

What symptom is caused from defective heme breakdown?

A

jaundice

note: this is a SYMPTOM not a disorder

33
Q

What is porphyrias?

A

-enzyme deficiencies in heme biosynthesis with harmful accumulations of porphyrins or precursors
-genetic or acquired (too much iron, liver diseases, smoking, excessive alcohol use)

symptoms:
-photosensitive skin, pain with light exposure in less then 30 min, can cause permanent skin damage
-GI symptoms
-high BP
-breathing issues
-seizures
-paralysis
-RBCs are vulnerable and can easily burst and cause bruises and bloody urine

tx:
-avoid triggers
-injections of heme to limit the body’s production of porphyrins
-treatment of symptoms

34
Q

When heme gets broken down it first turns into biliverdin and then….

A

bilirubin

35
Q

Which organ will do hemolysis of old RBCs and release hemoglobin?

A

spleen

36
Q

Bilirubin is transported in the blood with….

A

albumin

37
Q

indirect bilirubin build up will cause a hemolytic crisis and physiological jaundice in newborns. What is this?

A

-high levels of hemolysis to break down RBCs
-bilirubin glucuronyl transferase is low at birth
-treated with blue light
-hyperbilirubinemia is neurotoxic (kernicterus)

38
Q

Unconjugated/ indirect bilirubin will bind with 2 UDP glucuronate to form bilirubin diglucuronide (this is conjugated/direct bilirubin). What enzyme does this?

A

bilirubin glucuronyl transferase

39
Q

direct or indirect bilirubin can cause _________ damage and depends on the degree of damage

A

liver

40
Q

Direct bilirubin causes bile duct obstruction which results in….

A

clay color stool

41
Q

What is jaundice?

A

-yellowing of skin, sclerae, and nail beds
-due to hyperbilirubinemia (accumulation of bilirubin direct or indirect)

42
Q

What are the major causes of jaundice?

A

usually due to liver or gallbladder dysfunction

43
Q

What is the main source of bilirubin?

A

heme degradation

44
Q

Creatine is made from what 2 AAs?

A

arginine and glycine

45
Q

Muscles contain creatine that is phosphorylated to creatine phosphate by….

A

creatine kinase (CK)

(creatine kinase uses ATP as a phosphate donor. Elevated creatine kinase isoenzyme in the blood indicates the location of tissue damage)

46
Q

Skeletal muscle expresses which CK enzyme?

A

CK- MM

47
Q

Heart muscle expresses which CK enzyme?

A

CK MM (same as skeletal m.)

but the unique one is- CK-MB

48
Q

The brain expresses which CK enzyme?

A

CK-BB

49
Q

Creatine phosphate is a reserve of phosphates for ATP. it provides a rapid response to muscle ATP demands for the first few minutes of intense muscle use by….

A

substrate level phosphorylation

50
Q

Creatine is degraded by spontaneous cyclization to ________________ that is removed by the kidney and excreted in urine.

A

creatinine

note: a rise in blood creatinine may indication kidney damage

51
Q

What are the 2 kidney markers in blood we learned so far?

A

-increased BUN levels
-increased creatinine

note: “normal” body builders have high creatinine but normal BUN, but if both BUN and creatinine is high then theres a problem

52
Q

What do increased CK-BB levels mean in the blood?

A

stroke

53
Q

What do increased CK-MB levels mean in the blood?

A

heart attack

54
Q

CK BB, CK MB, and CK MM are ____________

A

isozymes

55
Q

Carnitine shuttles _____ across the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

FAs

56
Q

What AA is carnitine derived from?

A

lysine

57
Q

Which AA makes thyroid hormones (thyroxine), melanin, catecholamines (dopamine, epi, and NE)?

A

tyrosine

58
Q

which AA makes serotinin, NAD and NADP (niacin)?

A

tryptophan

59
Q

Which AA makes NO and urea?

A

arginine

60
Q

Which AA makes GABA?

A

glutamate

61
Q

Which AA makes histamine?

A

histidine

Biochem 2 (13 decks)

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