CARB MAIN Flashcards
1
Q
most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on planet Earth
A
CARBS
2
Q
percentage of carbohydrates by mass of dry plants materials
A
75%
3
Q
produce carbohydrates via
photosynthesis
A
GREEN PLANTS
4
Q
carbs that serves as structural elements
A
CELLULOSE
4
Q
two main uses of plants for the carbs that they produce
A
CELLULOSE
STARCH
5
Q
carbs that provide energy reserves for plants
A
STARCH
6
Q
major carbohydrate source for humans and animals
A
Dietary intake of plant materials
7
Q
(Cn(H2O)n)
A
CARBS
8
Q
chemical formula for carbohydrates
A
(Cn(H2O)n)
9
Q
a polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones upon hydrolysis
A
CARBS
10
Q
carbohydrate glucose
A
polyhydroxy aldehyde
11
Q
carbohydrate fructose
A
polyhydroxy ketone
12
Q
classification of Carbohydrates based on molecular size
A
MONOSAC
DISAC
OLIGOSAC
POLYSAC
12
Q
important property of many molecules, including most carbohydrates
A
HANDEDNESS
13
Q
is “handedness,” a form of isomerism?
A
YES
14
Q
two classes of handedness based on their mirror images
A
SUPERIMPOSABLE
NONSUPERIMPOSABLE
15
Q
Superimposable mirror images are also known as
A
ACHIRAL
16
Q
Nonsuperimposable mirror
images are also known as
A
CHIRAL
17
Q
images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other
A
ACHIRAL / Superimposable mirror images
18
Q
images where not all points coincide when the images are laid upon each other
A
CHIRAL / Nonsuperimposable mirror images
19
Q
handedness generating carbon atom
A
CHIRAL CENTER
20
Q
an atom in a molecule that has four different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation
A
CHIRAL CENTER
21
Q
a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable and have handedness
A
CHIRAL MOLECULE
22
Q
molecule whose mirror images are superimposable and DO NOT possess handedness
A
ACHIRAL MOLECULE
23
TRUE / FALSE:
A chiral molecule is a molecule whose mirror images are not superimposable
TRUE
24
TRUE / FALSE:
Chiral molecules DO NOT have handedness
FALSE
25
TRUE / FALSE:
the body’s response to the right-handed form of the hormone epinephrine is 20 times greater than its response to the left-handed form
TRUE
26
the simplest type of carbohydrate and the building block for more complex types of carbohydrates
MONOSAC
27
TRUE / FALSE:
MONOSACS are almost always “left-handed"
FALSE
28
TRUE / FALSE:
Plants produce only right-handed monosaccharides
TRUE
29
TRUE / FALSE:
the building blocks for proteins, amino acids, are always right-handed molecules
FALSE
30
isomers that have the same molecular and structural formulas but differ in the orientation of atoms in space
Stereoisomers
31
two types of stereoisomers
Enantiomers
Diastereomers
32
Enantios meaning
OPPOSITE
33
stereoisomers whose molecules are non-superimposable mirror images of each other
Enantiomers
34
Left- and right-handed forms of a molecule with a single chiral center
Enantiomers
35
stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other
Diastereomers
36
TRUE / FALSE:
Enantiomers are optically active
TRUE
37
a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light
optically active compound
38
is "dextro" Greek?
NO, LATIN
39
dextro meaning
right
40
chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a clockwise direction
dextrorotatory compound
41
a chiral compound that rotates the plane of polarized light in a counterclockwise
levorotatory compound
42
is Levo Latin?
YES
43
Levo meaning
LEFT
44
used to designate the handedness of enantiomers
D,L system
45
numbered starting at the carbonyl group end of the molecule, and the highest-numbered chiral center is used to determine D or L configuration
CARBON CHAIN
46
–OH is in the right
D-ISOMER
47
–OH is in the left
L-ISOMER
48
hydroxy group points to right
D-ISOMER
49
hydroxy group points to the left
L-ISOMER
50
2D structural notation for showing the spatial arrangement of groups about chiral centers in molecules
Fischer projection formula
51
Fischer projection formula is named after
Emil Fischer
52
how many carbon atoms are commonly found in nature (monosac)?
three - seven
53
three-carbon monosaccharide
TRIOSE
54
four-carbon monosaccharide
TETROSE
55
FIVE-carbon monosaccharide
PENTOSES
56
SIX-carbon monosaccharide
HEXOSES
57
Monosaccharides are classified based on the type of carbonyl group present
ALDOSES
KETOSES
58
a monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde functional group
aldose
59
they are polyhydroxy aldehydes
ALDOSE
60
a monosaccharide that contains a ketone functional group
ketose
61
they are polyhydroxy ketones
ketose
62
six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde functional group
aldohexose
63
a five-carbon monosaccharide with a ketone functional group
ketopentose
64
Monosaccharides are also often called
SUGARS
65
Latin for Saccharide
Saccharum
66
what dose Saccharum mean?
SUGAR / SACCHARIDE
67
only difference between D glucose and D-galactose
carbon-4
68
single different makes D-glucose and D-galactose?
epimers
69
useful for describing the stereochemistry of sugars, but their long bonds and right angle bends do not give a realistic picture of the bonding situation in the cyclic forms, nor do they accurately represent the overall shape of the molecules
Fischer projection formulas
70
a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide
Haworth projection formula
71
resulting cyclic compounds of monosacs
cyclic hemiacetals or hemiketals
72
A cyclic monosaccharide containing a six-atom ring
pyranose
73
A cyclic monosaccharide containing a five-atom ring
furanose
73
only aldohexose is capable of having this kind of ring
Pyranose
73
only aldopentose and ketohexose are capable of forming this kind of a ring
furanose
74
alpha and beta forms are classified as?
ANOMERS
75
carbon atom that is bonded to an -OH group and to the oxygen atom in the heterocyclic ring
anomeric carbon atom
75
Cyclic monosaccharide formation always produces two stereoisomers namely:
ALPHA FORM
BETA FORM
75
hemiacetal carbon atom present in a cyclic monosaccharide structure atom
anomeric carbon atom
76
cyclic monosaccharides that differ only in the positions of the substituents on the anomeric (hemiacetal) carbon atom
Anomers
77
has the -OH group on the opposite side of the ring from the -CH2OH group
a-stereoisomer
78
has the -OH group on the same side of the ring as the -CH2OH group
b-stereoisomer
79
Five important reactions of monosaccharides
- oxidation to acidic sugars
- reduction to sugar alcohols
- glycoside formation
- phosphate ester formation
- amino sugar formation
80
redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to that of the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups
Oxidation to Produce Acidic Sugars
81
classification of ACIDIC SUGARS
- ALDONIC ACID
- ALDURONIC ACID
- ALDARIC ACID
82
type of acidic sugar that has acid group on top
ALDONIC ACID
83
type of acidic sugar that uses weak oxidizing agent
ALDONIC ACID
84
type of acidic sugar that has acid group on the bottom
ALDURONIC ACID
85
type of acidic sugar that uses enzymes
ALDURONIC ACID
86
type of acidic sugar that has acid groups both on top and bottom
ALDARIC ACID
87
type of acidic sugar that uses strong oxidizing agent
ALDARIC ACID
88
carbonyl group present in a monosaccharide can be reduced to a hydroxyl group, using hydrogen as the reducing agent
Reduction to Produce Sugar Alcohols
89
the product of the reduction is the corresponding polyhydroxy alcohol
sugar alcohol
90
D-Glucitol aka?
D-sorbitol
91
have properties similar to those of the trihydroxy alcohol glycerol
D-Glucitol / D-sorbitol
92
used as a sweetening agent in chewing gum
D-sorbitol
93
TRUE / FALSE:
bacteria that cause tooth decay can use polyalcohols as food sources
FALSE, CANNOT
94
Hemiacetals shown to react w/ alcohols in acid solution to produce acetals
Glycoside Formation
95
general name for monosaccharide acetals
glycoside
96
an acetal formed from a cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR group
glycoside
97
The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters
Phosphate Ester Formation
98
If one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group, an amino sugar is produced
Amino Sugar Formation
99
three common natural amino sugars
D-Glucosamine
D-Galactosamine
D-Mannosamine
100
TRUE / FALSE:
It is always a carbon–oxygen–carbon bond in a disaccharide
TRUE
100
A monosaccharide that has cyclic forms (hemiacetal forms) can react with an alcohol to form a glycoside (acetal)
DISACCHARIDES
100
contain three to ten monosaccharide units bonded to each other via glycosidic linkages
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
101
Two naturally occurring oligosaccharides
- trisaccharide raffinose
- tetra saccharide stachyose
102
carbohydrate in which two monosaccharides are bonded together
DISACCHARIDES
103
bond that links the two monosaccharides of a disaccharide (glycoside) together
glycosidic linkage
104
bond in a disaccharide resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom -OH group of one monosaccharide and an -OH group on the other monosaccharide
glycosidic linkage
105
TRISACCHARIDE RAFFINOSE is composed of
* a-D-galactose
* a-D-glucose
* a-D-fructose
106
TETRASACCHARIDE STACHYOSE is composed of
* a-D-galactose
* a-D-galactose
* a-D-glucose
* B-D-fructose
107
has N-acetylgalactosamine as fifth monosac unit
TYPE A
107
has galactose as a fifth unit
TYPE B
107
has both Type a and Type B markers
TYPE AB
108
a polymer that contains many monosaccharide units bonded to each other by glycosidic linkages
polysaccharide
109
how many monosaccharides contribute to the make-up of the oligosaccharide “marking system"?
FOUR (A, B, O & AB)
109
lacks a fifth monosac unit
TYPE O
110
an alternate name for a polysaccharide
Glycan
110
not sweet and have limited water solubility because of their size
Polysaccharides
110
flour and cornstarch are examples of?
POLYSACC
111
only one type of monosaccharide monomer
Homopolysaccharide/glycan
112
with more than one (usually two) type of monosaccharide
monomer
Heteropolysaccharide/glycan
112
TYPES OF POLYSACCHARIDES
A. STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE
B. STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDE
C. ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE
113
types of storage polysac
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
113
a type of polysac that uses as an energy source in cells
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE
113
the examples of this type of polysac are starch and glycogen
STORAGE POLYSACCHARIDE
113
types of starch
AMYLOSE
AMYLOPECTIN
114
animal starch
GLYCOGEN
114
energy storage polysaccharide for animals
GLYCOGEN
115
energy storage polysaccharide in plants
STARCH
115
straight-chain glucose polymer,
usually accounts for 15%–20% of the starch
Amylose
116
with 300-500 monomer units of
glucose
Amylose
117
often also called glycans
Polysaccharides
118
a branched glucose polymer, accounts for the remaining 80%–85% of the starch
Amylopectin
119
More water soluble because of increase in branching
Amylopectin
120
contains 100,000 glucose units
Amylopectin
121
3x more highly branched than amylopectin and it is much larger, with up to 1,000,000 glucose units present
GLYCOGEN
122
type of polysac that serves as a structural element in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons like chitin and cellulose
STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDE
123
2nd most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide, next to cellulose
Chitin
123
most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide
Cellulose
124
types of STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDE
Cellulose
Chitin
125
the structural component of plant cell walls
Cellulose
126
Function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods
Chitin
127
the “woody” portions of plant —stems, stalks, and trunks—have particularly high concentrations of this fibrous, water- insoluble substance
Cellulose
128
also has been found in the cell walls of fungi
Chitin
129
Contains 5000 glucose units
Cellulose
130
Structurally identical to cellulose, except the monosaccharide present is N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
Chitin
131
ND-glucosamine, product of hydrolysis of chitin, that is marketed as a dietary supplement touted to decrease joint inflammation and pain associated w/ osteoarthritis
Chitin
132
Nondigestible (human lacks cellulase)
Cellulose
133
type of polysac with a disaccharide repeating unit in which one of the disaccharide components is an amino sugar and one or both disaccharide components have a negative charge due to a sulfate group or a carboxyl group
ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE
134
type of polysac that are heteropolysaccharides
ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE
135
examples of this polysac are hyaluronic acid & heparin
ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE
136
small highly-sulfated polysaccharide with only 15–90 disaccharide residues per chain
HEPARIN
137
Blood anticoagulant. It is naturally present in mast cells and is released at the site of tissue injury.
HEPARIN
138
also associated with the jelly like consistency of the vitreous humor of the eye
HYALURONIC ACID
138
It prevents the formation of clots in the blood and retards the growth of existing clots within the blood. It does not, however, break down clots that have already formed.
HEPARIN
139
Highly viscous hyaluronic acid solutions serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints
HYALURONIC ACID
139
contains alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-Dglucosamine (NAG) and D-Glucuronate
HYALURONIC ACID
139
Greek word hyalos means?
“glass”
139
the carboxylate ion formed when D-glucuronic acid loses its acidic hydrogen atom
D-Glucuronate
139
aka mucopolysaccharides, or negatively charged polysaccharides
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
140
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS is also known as?
mucopolysaccharides, or negatively charged polysaccharides
140
large linear polymers of repeating disaccharide units, commonly containing one or another amino sugar as one of the monomers in the disaccharide units
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGS)
141
GENERAL ROLE of GAGSA
▪ mechanical support
▪ cushioning of joints
▪ cellular signals in cell proliferation and cell migration
▪ inhibitors of certain enzymes
142
LOCATED outside cells and is on the cell surface
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGS)
143
part of extracellular matrix or attached to protein core to form proteoglycans
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGS)
144
Glycosaminoglycans + proteins
PROTEOGLYCANS
145
When glycosamnoglycans are attached to a protein molecule
PROTEOGLYCANS
146
more carbohydrate than protein, hence their properties are mainly determined by the carbohydrate portion of the molecule
PROTEOGLYCANS
147
The carbohydrate moieties may contain carboxylic acids or sulfated sugars thus the GAG chain carry negative charge
PROTEOGLYCANS
148
EXAMPLES OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS
(GAGS)
▪ chondroitin sulfate
▪ heparin sulfate
▪ keratan sulfate
▪ dermatan sulfate
149
sulfated polysaccharide found as a component of cell-surface proteoglycans
HEPARAN SULFATE (HS)
149
composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine and uronic acids
HEPARAN SULFATE (HS)
150
Sulfate ester formation can be found at several positions on these residues
HEPARAN SULFATE (HS)
151
help mediate the inflammatory response and promote activity by growth factors, chemokines and cytokines
HEPARAN SULFATE (HS)
152
recruit leukocytes to the injury site and as anticoagulant in the form of pentasaccharide sequence
HEPARAN SULFATE (HS)
153
anticoagulant in the form of pentasaccharide sequence
HEPARIN
153
contains alternating residues of glucuronic acid and galactose N-acetyl 4-sulfonate
CHONDROITIN SULFATE (CS)
154
structural polysaccharide of ligaments, cartilage and tendons
CHONDROITIN SULFATE (CS)
155
lends mechanical support and flexibility to tissue to help form skin and cartilage
CHONDROITIN SULFATE (CS)
155
closely related GAG, which is composed of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine
DERMATAN SULFATE (DS)
156
structural polysaccharide in skin
DERMATAN SULFATE (DS)
156
structural polysaccharide in nails
KERATAN SULFATE (KS)
157
found primarily in the cornea of the eye and in joint cartilage for mechanical support and structural role
KERATAN SULFATE (KS)
158
formed form alternating units of galactose and sulfated N-acetylgucosamine
KERATAN SULFATE (KS)
159
Also used as food additive to chicken liquid suspensions
AGAR
159
readily soluble in water and is used to determine the glomerular filtration rate
INULIN
160
When dissolves in hot water and then cooled, it forms gels
AGAR
161
a polysaccharide of fructose (and hence a fructosan found in tubers and roots of dahlias, artichokes, and dandelions)
INULIN
162
Not a proteoglycan but is purely carbohydrate
AGAR
163
intermediates in the hydrolysis of starch
DEXTRINS
164
w/ alternating copolymer of galactose and 3,6-anhydrous-galactose
AGAR
165
linear polymer of sulfated and unsulfated galactose prepared form marine algae – agarose
AGAR
166
carbs related disease (ang naa sa module)
DIABETES
GALACTOSEMIA
167
a chronic (long-lasting) health condition that affects how your body turns food into energy
Diabetes
