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Capstone 2 > Capstone 2 drugs > Flashcards

Capstone 2 drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What therapeutic index number is considered safe?

A

> 10

larger TI = safer drug

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2
Q

First pass effect

A

drugs given orally –> absorbed in stomach/SI –> blood from gut goes to liver where metabolized or secreted –> remaining drug is what becomes bioavailable

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3
Q

2 main routes of drug elimination

A

Metabolized in liver

Excretion by kidney

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4
Q

Decreased clearance of a drug will result in _______

A

longer duration of effect

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5
Q

Most drugs are eliminated based on 1st order kinetics, which means the more drug you have, the _______ it is eliminated

A

faster

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6
Q

drug elimination by zero order kinetics

A

same amount of drug eliminated/time regardless of concentration

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7
Q

two ways to increase steady state concentration

A 
increase dose (give more) or
shorten dose interval (give original dose more often)
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8
Q

Giving a concentration-dependent antibiotic (want brief periods of high drug levels)

A

higher doses with longer dose interval

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9
Q

Giving a time-dependent antibiotic (longer periods of use at minimal levels)

A

lower dose with shorter dose interval

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10
Q

Why should you give drugs based on surface area?

A

Metabolic rate changes more similarly to SA (vs. weight)

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11
Q

Potency

A

conc of drug needed to get max effect

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12
Q

Efficacy

A

measure of max effect

more important than potency

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13
Q

beta 1 receptor

A

sympathetic

increase HR, increase contractility

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14
Q

M2 receptor

A

parasympathetic
decrease HR at SA node, decreased conduction velocity; AV blocks at AV node
bronchoconstriction, bronchial gland secretion

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15
Q

alpha 1 receptor

A

sympathetic
vasoconstriction
mydriasis in eye

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16
Q

beta 2 receptor

A

sympathetic
vasodilation
bronchodilation in bronchial smooth m.
increase aqueous humor in eye

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17
Q

M3 receptor

A

Parasympathetic
increase NO in arterial endothelium –> dilation
bronchoconstriction, bronchial gland secretion

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18
Q

alpha 2 receptor

A

vasoconstriction, CNS depression, bradycardia

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19
Q

how do you counter bradycardia

A

treat problem causing it and/pr anticholinergics (atropine, glyco)

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20
Q

how do you counter tachycardia

A

treat problem causing it

give beta-blockers as a last resort (esmolol)

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21
Q

how do you counter vasodilation

A

give vasopressors (constrictors) - Dopamine, phenylephrine

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22
Q

how do you counter vasoconstriction

A

give vasodilators - Acepromazine, amlodipine, etc

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23
Q

when can you extubate a horse

A

standing

b/c obligate nasal breathers

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24
Q

drugs commonly used to sedate a horse? induce? maintenance?

A

sedate - alpha 2’s (xylaine, detomadine etc)
induce - ketamine + diaz/midaz
maint - ket, xy, Guaifen or midaz

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25
Q

what does ketamine not reduce in EQ

A

palpebral reflex

26
Q

Who do you not use Xylazine with

A

sheep - pulmonary intravascular hemorrhage

27
Q

Ket-stun

A

used for standing sedation

Butorphanol, xylazine, ketamine IM

28
Q

what wierd exception do rum have under anesthesia?

A

high arterial BP

29
Q

Drugs commonly used to sedate rum/SAC

A

benzo’s (midaz), or alpha 2’s for adult cow

30
Q

concern of a ruptured bladder

A

hyperkalemia causing arrhythmias

Must address before anesthetize

31
Q

What drugs do you avoid with a head trauma patient?

A

ketamine

alpha-2 agonists (Xy, dex) b/c they increase ICP

32
Q

Key pre-op management for anesthetizing an Addison doggo

A

glucocorticoid supp

33
Q

What drug has potential to increase blood glu?

A

Dexmedetomidine

34
Q

What is the one drug that doesn’t decrease CMR (cerebral metabolic rate) and CBF (cerebral blood flow)?

A

Ketamine

increases CMR, slightly decreases CBF

35
Q

Additional concerns for animals w/ renal dz

A

anemia
hypertension
electrolyte abnormalities
stage of renal dz

36
Q

Anesthesia drugs to avoid for a renal patient

A
  • avoid Ace, alpha 2’s b/c decrease CO
  • maybe avoid ketamine - metabolized in kidneys in cats
  • maybe avoid sevo - make nephrotoxic compound
  • maybe avoid NSAID’s for post-op pain - alter PG synth which alters renal blood flow
37
Q

what’s a good pre-med choice for liver dz patients?

A

Opioids - minimally metabolized, reversible, little CV effects
Avoid alpha 2’s, ace b/c CV effects and metabolized by liver

38
Q

What IA is contraindicated for liver dz?

A

Halothane

39
Q

what drug class are emetics for dogs? for cats?

A

dogs - opiods

cats - alpha 2’s

40
Q

how do you assess pain/nociception in an anesthetized patient? (x4)

A
  • patient conscious response or reflex (anesthetic plane)
  • increased RR
  • increased BP (usually early response)
  • increased HR
41
Q

most common sedative/analgesic for emergencies, drug of choice for EQ

A

alpha 2’s

42
Q

how do local anesthetic doses differ between dogs and cats?

A

cats more sensitive, need 1/2 to 1/3 of the dose

43
Q

why is lidocaine used in bier block

A

b/c if ineffective tourniquet and anesthetic goes systemic, lidocaine is least cardiotoxic vs. other local anesthetics

44
Q

pre-med drugs to avoid for a MVD dog

A

Acepromazine or alpha 2’s

do benzos or opioids instead

45
Q

Induction commonly used for HCM cats

A

Etomidate b/c minimal CV effects

46
Q

What is fludrocortizone used for

A

cortisol AND aldosterone replacement for Addison’s dz

47
Q

Drugs to use to stabilize/stop seziures

A

Diazepam
Phenobarbital
Bromide

48
Q

Drugs used for seizure maintenance

A

Primary: Phenobarbital, Bromide

Secondary/add on: Gabapentin, Levetiracetam

49
Q

Single most broadly used chemotherapeutic active agent used in veterinary oncology

A

Doxorubicin. very efficaious!!

inhibits RNA, DNA polymerase, topoisomaerase II

50
Q

Cisplatin

A

contraindicated in cats - fatal fulminant pulmonary edema
renal toxicity, BAGS, neurotox, ototox,

Don’t use 5-fluoricil either (can’t metabolize)

51
Q

What is Amoxicllin best choice to use for

A

best penicllin to treat UTI’s

drug of choice to treat Lepto

52
Q

Contraindications of tetracyclines

A

. irritants - see vomiting, local tissue damage at injection site

  1. GI flora imbalance –> enterocolitis
  2. Doxy tablets = esophageal stricture in cats
  3. acute heart toxicity, renal toxicosis, yellow teeth
53
Q

Uses for tetracyclines

A

bov/porcine resp dz complexes
plague, tulaermia, listeriosis
Top choice for rickettsia (SA), Chlamidophila felis in cats

54
Q

What anthelminitics cause resistance

A

Macrocyclic lactones
Benzimidazoles
Tetrahydropyrimidines
d/t repeated anthelminitic use eliminated susceptible worms

55
Q

Drug of choice for campy diarrhea or abortion

A

erythromycin

alternate for penicllin sensitivity, treating lepto, rickettsia

56
Q

Low dose vs. high dose epinephrine affects with adrenergic receptors

A

low dose - beta 2 - decreases BP, bronchodilation

high dose - alpha 1 - increases BP, CO

57
Q

how does epi differ from NE?

A

NE doesn’t cause bronchodilation - little activity w/ beta 2

NE - think mas vasoconstriction

58
Q

Low dose vs. high dose dopamine affects with adrenergic receptors

A

low dose - vasodilation, contractility (good for CHF, renal dz)
high dose - vasoconstriction

59
Q

dobutamine

A

increases contractility but minimally changes HR/BP

good for heart failure

60
Q

different classes of antiarrhythmics to slow conduction

A

I - sodium channel blockers (eg. lidocaine)
II - beta blockers
III - AP prolonging by blocking K channels
IV - Ca channel blockers

Capstone 2 (6 decks)

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