Capítulo 8 - Paso 1 Gramática Flashcards
se impersonal (generalizations for people, one, we, you, etc.)
se + él form of the verb + an adverb/infinitve/phrase
se pasivo (generalizations without indicating who does it)
- se + él form of verb + singular noun
2. se + ellos form of verb + plural noun
How do we create generalizations with reflexive verbs? (there are three ways)
- uno + él form of the reflexive verb: “En Venezuela, uno se levanta temprano normalmente.”
- ellos form of the reflexive verb: “En Venezuela, se levantan temprano normalmente.”
- se acostumbra + reflexive infinitive: “En Venezuela, se acostumbra levantarse temprano.”
Complete the sentence with the se impersonal or se pasivo: En astronomía, (observar / pedir) _______ los planetas.
se observan (se pasivo)
Complete the sentence with the se impersonal or se pasivo: En inglés, (dar / leer) _______ la literatura de varios países.
se lee (se pasivo)
Complete the sentence with the se impersonal or se pasivo: En psicología, (hablar / lavar) _____ de las teorías de Freud y Pavlov.
se habla (se impersonal)
What is the general rule for -ar verbs in the present tense?
o, as, a, amos, an
What is the general rule for -er and -ir verbs in the present tense?
- er: o, es, e, emos, en
- ir: o, es, e, imos, en
What 10 verbs are o –> ue in the present tense (not in the nosotros form)?
- dormir
- morir
- poder
- volver
- soñar
- jugar
- almorzar
- encontrar
- llover - always to llueve
- costar - always to cuesta or cuestan
What 10 verbs are o –> ue in the present tense (not in the nosotros form)?
- dormir
- morir
- poder
- volver
- soñar
- jugar
- almorzar
- encontrar
- llover - always to llueve
- costar - always to cuesta or cuestan
What 8 verbs are e –> ie in the present tense (besides the nosotros form)?
- perder - to lose
- entender
- comenzar - to begin
- pensar
- mentir
- preferir
- querer
- tener (tengo is the exception)
What 4 verbs are e –> i in the present tense (besides nosotros)?
- competir
- pedir
- servir
- sonreír - to smile (reír - to laugh)
What 4 verbs are -go in the yo form in the present tense (otherwise normal)?
- salir - to go out, to leave
- traer (traigo)
- hacer
- poner
What 4 verbs are special -go verb stem changers in the present tense?
- decir - digo/then e–>i
- venir - vengo/then e–>ie
- seguir - sigo/then e–>i
- oír - oigo/oyes/oye/oímos/oyen
What is the special rule with verbs ending in -cir or -cer in the present tense?
-zco in the yo (conduzco and conozco)
What is special about dar in the present tense?
doy das da damos dan
What is special about saber in the present tense?
sé sabes sabe sabemos saben
What are the 2 o –> ue reflexive verbs in the present tense?
- acostarse - to go to bed
2. dormirse - to fall asleep
What are the 3 e –> ie reflexive verbs in the present tense?
- despertarse - to wake up
- divertirse
- sentarse
What is the 1 e –> i reflexive verb in the present tense?
vestirse
What are the 4 reflexive verbs that are normal in the present tense?
- lavarse
- bañarse
- peinarse
- ponerse - me pongo in the yo (*exception)
What is the general rule for preterite -ar verbs?
é aste ó amos aron
What is the general rule for preterite -er and -ir verbs?
í iste ió imos ieron
What is the general rule for preterite -car, -gar, -zar verbs
-CAR needs a “QU”
and for -GAR add a “U”,
-ZAR goes to “C”
and it’s only for me (yo form)!
What is the general rule for the preterite tense of leer and oír?
í íste yó ímos yeron
How do we know if a verb in the preterite tense is a stem-changer?
If an -ir verb stem changes in the present tense, it also stem changes in the preterite tense. No need to worry about -er or -ar verbs (unless it’s irregular)
Also, only e–>i and o–>u, no ie and ue!
What are the two irregular verbs in the preterite that are the same and what are their conjugations?
ir / ser fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron
What are the group 1 irregular verbs in the preterite and their conjugations?
ver / dar vi / di viste / diste vio / dio vimos / dimos vieron / dieron
What are the group 2 irregular verbs in the preterite and their conjugations?
poner / poder / saber puse / pude / supe pusiste / pudiste / supiste puso / pudo / supo pusimos / pudimos / supimos pusieron / pudieron / supieron
What are the group 3 irregular verbs in the preterite and their conjugations?
andar / estar / tener anduve / estuve / tuve anduviste / estuviste / tuviste anduvo / estuvo / tuvo anduvimos / estuvimos / tuvimos anduvieron / estuvieron / tuvieron
What are the group 4 irregular verbs in the preterite and their conjugations?
hacer / querer / venir hice / quise / vine hiciste / quisiste / viniste hizo / quiso / vino hicimos / quisimos / vinimos hicieron / quisieron / vinieron
What are the group 5 irregular verbs in the preterite and their conjugations?
decir / traer/ conducir / producir / traducir
dije / traje / conduje / produje / traduje
dijiste / trajiste / condujiste / produjiste / tradujiste
dijo / trajo / condujo / produjo / tradujo
dijimos / trajimos / condujimos / produjimos / tradujimos
dijeron / trajeron / condujeron / produjeron / tradujeron
What three special verb phrases can we use to refer to the future without using the future tense?
- ir + a + infinitive: going to (do something)
- pensar + infinitive: intend/plan to (do something)
- esperar + infinitive: expect/hope to (do something)
What three special verb phrases can we use to refer to the future without using the future tense?
- ir + a + infinitive: going to (do something)
- pensar + infinitive: intend/plan to (do something)
- esperar + infinitive: expect/hope to (do something)
