CAP Flashcards
What are the 4 ways pneumonia (PNA) can be transmitted?
- Aspiration from the oropharynx
- Inhalation of contaminated droplets
- Hematogenous spread
- Extension from infected pleural or mediastinal space
(just b/c you are exposed to someone w/ PNA doesn’t mean you will get PNA)
Pathophysiology of what?
- Proliferation of microbial pathogens at the alveolar level when the capacity of the alveolar macrophages to ingest or kill microorganisms is exceeded.
- Alveolar macrophages initiate an inflammatory response to increase the lower respiratory tract defenses
Pneumonia
What are the 3 ways PNA can be classified?
- CAP
- HAP
- VAP
T/F: CAP is the 2nd leading cause of death
FALSE
CAP is the 8th leading cause of death
When is CAP most commonly seen?
Winter
(b/c there is seasonal variation)
Which disease?
Men > women
African Americans > caucasians
CAP
Risk factors for what?
- >65y/o
- Alcoholism and ALOC (due to lack of gag reflex)
- Tobacco use
- Immunosuppression/HIV
- Comorbidities (asthma, COPD, cardiac, cerebrovascular, DM, dementia, etc)
- Malnutrition
- Institutionalization
- Other underlying respiratory illness (lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, bronchogenic obstruction)
CAP
Which 8 comorbidities are risk factors for CAP?
- Asthma
- COPD
- Cardiac
- Liver
- Cerebrovascular
- Seizure disorder
- DM
- Dementia
Which 3 underlying respiratory illnesses are risk factors for CAP?
- lung cancer
- Cystic fibrosis
- Bronchogenic obstruction
What is the MC bacterial cause of typical CAP?
S. pneumoniae
What are the top 3 MC pathogens that cause atypical CAP
1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2. Chlamydophila pneumoniae
3. Legionella spp.
(these are not susceptible to B. lactams)
“CLM”
What is the MC viral cause of CAP?
Influenza
What are 8 possible clinical presentations of CAP?
- Fever
- cough (+/- sputum/hemoptysis)
- Dyspnea
- Chest discomfort
- pleurisy
- fatigue, weakness
- GI sxs (anorexia, abd pain, N/V/D, failure to thrive)
- mental status changes (esp in elderly)
What are 6 clinical presentation signs in CAP
- Fever (or hypothermia)
- Tachypnea
- Tachycardia
- Low O2 sat
- Rales
- Signs of consolidation
*clinical presentation is not super sensitive- need CXR*
Which pathogen?
- Sudden onset of chills
- rust colored sputum
S. pneumoniae
Which pathogen?
- children and adolescents
- asymptomatic or mild
- CXR- reticulonodular pattern/patchy areas of consolidation
M. pneumoniae
Which pathogen?
- GI disorders (watery diarrhea)
- Confusion or encephalopathy
- Outbreaks usually from contaminated water sources
Legionella
Which pathogen?
•Cavitary infiltrate or necrosis
- Gross hemoptysis
- Rapidly increasing pleural effusion
MRSA
Which pathogen?
- Comorbidities usually include alcohol abuse, DM, severe COPD
- “currant jelly” sputum (thick, mucoid, blood-tinged)
Klebsiella pneumoniae