Canine Repro Flashcards
Cutaneous bridge
the area between the vulva and anus used to stimulate to assess stage of estrous
Puberty
ability of the hypothalamic neurons to produce sufficient GnRH
What is the average time for proestrus?
9 days
What is the average time for estrus?
9 days
What is the average time for diestrus?
2 months
What is the average time for anestrus?
5 months
What is the minimum days required for uterine involution in canine?
90 days
Interestrus period
time from the beginning of one estrus to the beginning of the next estrus
What is the minimum interestrus period cycle length in canine?
4 months
Describe the normal vaginal cytology during anestrus of the canine?
2-4 cell layers thick
Describe the vaginal cytology during proestrus in the canine?
greater than 20-40 cell layers thick
Why does the vagina grow 20-40 cell layers thick during proestrus?
Protect vagina against trauma
Prevent bacterial entry
Allow classification of stage of estrous
What should you avoid during vaginal cytology?
Avoid clitoral fossa, clitoris, and urethral orifice
Describe the physical changes during Proestrus?
Turgid swelling of vulva
hemorrhagic vulvar discharge
What is the response of the female dog during early proestrus?
Growling
Aggression
snapping
What is the response of the female dog during late proestrus?
sits down when dog attempts to mount
tucks tail
Describe the cells on the vaginal cytology during proestrus?
Cornified epithelial cells - “corn flakes”
Large angular cells with small/ no nuclei
Describe Physical changes during estrus
softening of vulvar swelling
scant blood discharge
Crenulation
max shrinkage of mucosa of the vagina
Describe the hormones during estrus in canine?
Progesterone rising
Estrogen falling
LH and FSH peaks
Describe cells during Estrus in the canine?
anuclear squames
no WBC’s
Cells may clump - “clumping”
What causes the preovulatory rise in Progesterone?
follicular estrual luteinization
What stimulates the presence of neutrophils in the vagina?
Presence of sperm
In what stage is the primary oocyte in the bitch ovulated at?
Prophase 1
How long does it take for the oocyte to go through meiosis before it can be fertilized?
2-3 days
How long is the seondary oocyte viable for in the canine?
3-4 days
When do you breed naturally in the canine?
48-72 hours after 5ng/ml of Progesterone
When do you breed with shipped semen in the canine?
72-96 hours after 5ng/ml of Progesterone
When do you breed with frozen semen in the canine?
at least 96 hours 5ng/ml of Progesterone
When are canine oocytes fertilized post ovulation?
108 hours
What is more definitive than measuring Progesterone in the canine?
LH Assays
What is the disadvantage for LH assays?
must take daily samples
What is the requirement for morphology in the dog?
80%
What is the requirement for motility in the dog?
80%
What is the sperm reservoir in the female?
Endometrial glands
What is the most common method of semen collection in the dog?
Manual stimulation and ejaculation
What method of semen collection requires general anesthesia?
Electroejaculation
How many sperm per ejaculate in the dog?
300 million - 2 billion
What drugs are used for chemical ejaculation in the dog?
Oxytocin
PGF 2 alpha
Where do you find vaginal strictures/ bands?
vestibulo-vaginal area
How do you treat a pregnancy with a vaginal stricture?
C-section
Superfecundation
where two males breed the same female during a single estrus
Superfetation
where a female may be bred and get pregnant and then go through another receptive period and get pregnant again
Gravidity
the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a uterus
What maintains the lifespan of the Corpus Luteum in the canine?
Relaxin + Progesterone + Prolactin
On days 21-28 on abdominal palpation what do you feel?
String of pearls
When can you perform Radiography to diagnose pregnancy in the canine?
after 42 days
When can you diagnose pregnancy on ultrasound with a fetal heartbeat?
22-25 days
When can you diagnose pregnancy with relaxin serum levels?
21-28 days
What is included in pregnancy management?
Regular exercise Weight control Nutrition Multiple small meals Fish oil Avoid supplements
How long is the gestation length in canine after LH peak?
65 days
How long is the gestation length in the canine after ovulation?
63 days
How long is the gestation length in the canine after onset of diestrus?
56-57 days
How long is the gestation length in the feline?
63 days
What does purulent discharge during pregnancy mean?
pyometra
dead fetus
What are the choices of antibiotics in the pregnant bitch?
Clavamox
Cephalosporin
Quinolones
Ampicillin
What might a greenish discharge mean during pregnancy?
placental separation
How do you treat fetal wastage?
Evacuate uterine contents with PGF 2 alpha
What are the cause of fetal wastage?
Trauma heat stress luteal insufficiency viral bacteria cystic endometrial hyperplasia protozoa
What are the clinical signs of Uterine Torsion?
Abdominal pain
distress
What happens to initiate pregnancy?
Progesterone falls rapidly
What behavior do you see 12-24 hours before parturition?
Nesting
Uteroverdin
Greenish-black discharge from the accumulation of maternal blood that supplies fetuses with iron supplementation
What is the first stage of parturition?
Removal of the progesterone block from uterus
Increase in oxytocin receptor sites
What is the second stage pf parturition?
Active contractions
Amnion appears
What stimulates the urge to push in the canine?
fetus in the pelvic canal
What is Ferguson’s reflex?
oxytocin release & abdominal contractions
What appears first in the canine parturition?
Amnion
What are the criteria for intervention?
Active contractions greater than 1 hour
Rest period greater than 4 hours
Black thick discharge without fetus
What is the common presentation of the fetus in the canine?
cranial longitudinal presentation with front limbs extended
Primary uterine inertia
incompletely dilated cervix
What breeds are predisposed to Primary uterine inertia?
Terrier breeds
Secondary uterine inertia
when pup obstructs and uterus tires
What types of conformation cause Dystocia int he canine?
old healed pelvic fractures persistent hymen structures stricture diaphragmatic rupture obesity neoplasia
What do you give for a bitch with no intrapelvic obstruction?
Oxytocin
If there is no puppy born within 30 minutes of giving oxytocin what do you give?
Calcium with glucose and then oxytocin
Then C-section
What is the third stage of parturition?
Passage of placentae
How many layers are in the zonary endotheliochorial placenta?
5
How many layers are in the Primate and Human placenta?
3
How many layers in the Equine placenta?
6
What is a problem with C-sections?
Litter size reduces by 1-2 pups after the 1st C-section
Adhesions form everytime you cut into the uterus
What is normal for fluid and cellular material expelled form the uterus?
Red
Watery
No odor
Brownish mucoid lochia after 4-6 weeks
What is abnormal for fluid and cellular material expelled form the uterus?
Mucoid
Odor
How do you manage a dam after parturition?
Monitor mammary glands and vulvar discharge dailly
Unlimited food and water
Reduce food at weaning
What is the condition that the puppy must overcome as part of their post partum adjustment?
Respiratory and Metabolic acidosis
Metritis
Inflammation of uterus (endometrium and myometrium)
What are the clinical signs of Metritis?
Fever
depression
Purulent vulvar discharge
What is the treatment for Metritis?
PGF 2 alpha
Fluids
Antibiotics
What is the Diestral disease?
Pyometra
Cystic Endometrial Hyperpllasia
Normal down regulation of estrogen receptors due to increasing progesterone is defective
What is the most common organism that invades CEH?
E. coli
What is the clinical presentation of Open Pyometra?
Less severely ill Copious red-brown to yellow- green foul smelling vulvar discharge Depression Leukocytosis PU/PD
What is the clinical presentation of Closed Pyometra?
No discharge Abdominal swelling Systemically ill Depression Leukocytosis PU/PD
What is the treatment of choice for pyometra?
OHE
What is the medical therapy for pyometra?
PGF 2 alpha
What are the side effects of PGF 2 alpha?
panting salivation vomiting defecation vocalization
What is the clinical presentation of Uterine prolapse?
Firm tubular mass protruding from the vulva
What is the treatment for Uterine prolapse?
OHE
Type 1 Vaginal prolapse
floor of vagina
Type 2 vaginal prolapse
floor and walls through vulva
Type 3 Vaginal prolapse
entire vaginal circumference
What is the medical treatment for Vagina prolapse?
Should regress after ovulation
Induce ovulation - GnRH or hCG
Keep clean and moist
Use e-collar
What is the surgical treatment for Vaginal prolapse?
Purse string suture
OHE
Remove hormone source
What are the differential diagnoses for tissue protruding from the vulva?
Vaginal neoplasia Vaginal hyperplasia Vaginal prolapse Vestibular mass Intersex
Perineal Masses
Tumors abscesses Hematomas Seromas Vaginal Leiomyoma
What are the common causes of Mastitis?
Staph
Strep
Coliforms
What are the treatments for Mastitis?
Hot pack and strip abnormal milk NSAIDs Probiotics for puppies Surgical removal of dead or gangrenous gland flush hole in side of gland
Glactorrhea
Spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy
What are the clinical signs of False pregnancy?
Spontaneous development of mammary gland
Usually clear discharge
What is the treatment of false pregnancy?
Cabergoline
What is the 2nd type of neoplasia in the dog?
Mammary neoplasia
What are the progressive clinical signs of Hypocalcemia?
Panting Pacing Muscle tremors Ataxia Hyperthermia Tonic-Clonic convulsions Death
How o you treat hypocalcemia?
IV calcium gluconate
Oral calcium supplements
Weaning
Split estrus
Short interval between clinical signs of proestrus
What are the predispositions for using progesterones?
Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
Pyometra
When would you begin supplementing a pregnancy with Progesterone?
after 45 days or avoid the first trimester (21 days)
What are the complications of supplementing progesterone in a canine pregnancy?
Masculinization of female pups
When should you remove supplemental progesterone from a pregnancy in the canine?
2-3 days prior to due date to allow cervix to relax adequately
Mibolerone
Androgenic compound that prevents LH release by negative feedback preventing estrus
What is contraindicated in cat pregnancy?
Mibolerone
What is the side effect of Mibolerone in cats?
liver toxicity
What are the possible complications of using Mibolerone?
Clitoral hypertrophy
vaginitis
Deslorelin
GnRH analogue used for long or short term suppression of reproductive function in dogs
What is a side effect of “Mismating shots”?
Pyometra
Estrogen toxicity
Bone marrow suppression
What is the side effect of Estrogen toxicity?
Pyometra
What are the options to mismating shots?
Spaying once in diestrus Waiting until Day 28-30 - Ultrasound Allowing whelping Euthanasia of pups Placement of pups
Prostaglandins
Multiple small injections will lyse the CL of bitch or queen
What are the side effects of Prostaglandins?
smooth muscle contractions drop in blood pressure vomiting diarrhea salivation panting
What are prostaglandins used to treat?
Pyometra
retained placenta
mismating
collection of males
Prolactin
luteotopic in bitch or queen during 2nd trimester
What are Prolactin inhibitors?
Bromacriptine - Dopamine agonist
Cabergoline - Serotonin antagonist
What should you use before mid gestation for abortion induction?
Lutalyse
What should you use after mid gestation for abortion induction?
Bromocryptine +Lutalyse
What do you do to induce estrus in the canine?
Cabergoline
Canine Pseudopregnancy
Syndrome of mammary development, galactorrhea, nesting behavior mothering behavior of toys
What is the treatment for Canine Pseudopregnancy?
Cabergoline
What are the side effects of Terbutaline?
cardiac effects
What causes unwanted uterine contractions?
Dead pup
infection
inflammation
Domperidone
used for bitch that whelps with little to milk
What is a complication of OHE?
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
What is a common complication of OHE in cats?
Ovarian Remnant Syndrome
What are the signs of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
Recurrent estrus: swollen vulva, serosanguinous discharge
How do you diagnose Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
AMH Cytology Ultrasound Check Hormones GnRH or hCG
What is the treatment for Ovarian Remnant Syndrome?
Exploratory or Laparotomy to remove ovary
Submit for Histology
What is the hormone used to detect for Spay Check?
Anti-Mullerian Hormone
How does the test for Spay Check work?
AMH produced by ovarian follicles and found exclusively in the ovaries to reliable detect when ovaries are present
Puppy Vaginitis
small amount of purulent discharge in prepubertal bitch
How do you treat Puppy Vaginitis?
Postpone space until it resolves
Resolves with first estrus
Estrogen therapy
What is the treatment for Adult Vaginitis?
Estrogen cream
Premarin tablets
Episioplasty
Episioplasty
Removal of excess skin folds around the vulva allowing freer voiding of urine
What does Brucella canis cause?
Abortion due to placentitis
Orchitis/epididymitis
Erythritol in placenta and epididymis
How do you diagnose Brucella canis?
Test all dogs with enlarge testes culture semen Ultrasound Rapid Slide Agglutination test Tube Agglutination test Agar gel Immunodiffusion test IFA PCR
How do you treat Brucella canis?
Castration
Antibiotics
What is the plan for an animal with positive results for Brucella canis with clinical signs?
Blood or discharge cultures
What is the plan if an animal is positive during a routine screen for Brucella canis?
AGID to rule out false positive
What is the plan for an animal that is negative for brucella canis on routine screen?
No other test needed
What is the plan for an animal with a negative result for brucella canis but has clinical signs?
3 monthly tests required to rule out false negative
How do you prevent Brucella Canis in a population?
Test all new additions three times before introducing
Test all breeding animals annually or biannually
AI to decrease male exposure
How do you treat Mycoplasma in the dog?
Doxycycline
What does Canine Herpesvirus cause?
Neonatal deaths primarily -
placentitis
aboriton
stillbirths
Clinical signs of Canine Herpesvirus
Fading puppies - crying, greenish stool, abdominal pain
How do you treat Canine Herpesvirus?
Hyperimmune plasma
What are the lesions of Canine Herpesvirus?
petechial hemorrhages in kidneys, liver, lung, spleen
When do testes descend in the scrotum?
10 days - 16 weeks
What hormone is used for diagnosis of Cryptorchidism?
hCG
What is the treatment for Testicular Torsion?
Bilaterally orchidectomy
What is important to remember about Sertoli tumors?
Bilateral
What are the clinical signs of Sertoli tumor?
feminization pancytopenia anemia bilateral symmetrical alopecia Hyperpigmentation of inguinal area dry skin gynecomastia prostatitis pendulous prepuce bone marrow hypoplasia
Describe a Male Pseudohermaphrodite
Mass near right vulvar lip
partially functional testicle
What is the breed predisposed to Urethral prolapse?
English bulldogs
What is the surgical treatment for Urethral prolapse?
Surgical removal of prolapsed tissue\
Urethropexy
What is the most commonly diagnose prostatic disease?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
What are the clinical signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Serous to serosanguinous discharge Urethral discharge hematuria rectal tenesmus dysuria caudal abdominal pain infertility Constipation with characteristic ribbon-like feces
Acute bacterial prostatitis clinical signs
fever depression pain on rectal palpation neutrophilia pyuria bacteriuria
Chronic bacterial prostatitis clinical signs
recurrent lower urinary tract infections
Prostatic adenocarcinoa clinical signs
poor appetite weight loss hind limb weakness dysuria hematuria dyschezia
Prostatic and paraprostatic cysts
palpable abdominal cystic mass filled with yellow or orange fluid
What is the most common cause of bacterial prostatitis?
E. Coli
What is the treatment of choice for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
Castration
What is the treatment for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia?
5-alpha reductase inhibitors = Finasteride