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RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 > Bovine Repro > Flashcards

Bovine Repro Flashcards

1
Q

When do you see puberty in the bovine?

A

when heifer reaches 50-60% adult body weight

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2
Q

What influences when a heifer reaches puberty?

A

Inbreed later onset
Cross-breeds sooner onset
Bos Taurus earlier than Bos indicus
Heifers from bulls large scrotal circumference

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3
Q

What are the stages of the Bovine estrus cycle?

A

Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus
Proestrus

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4
Q

How many days are there in the Metestrus cycle of the Bovine?

A

1-4 days

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5
Q

How many days are there in the Diestrus cycle of the Bovine?

A

5-18 days

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6
Q

Estrus

A

sexual receptivity of female

Follicular maturation

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7
Q

What are the signs of Estrus in the bovine?

A 
Increased restlessness
Decreased rumination 
Decreased Appetite 
Decreased milk 
Bellowing
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8
Q

Metestrus

A

Final follicular maturation
Ovulation
Formation of CL

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9
Q

Diestrus

A

Period of CL dominance through luteolysis

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10
Q

Proestrus

A

Progesterone levels decreasing

Estrogen levels increasing

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11
Q

At what age are heifers bred in the dairy herd?

A

14-15 months

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12
Q

Voluntary Waiting Period

A

The period we allow for the uterus to involute and read for pregnancy

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13
Q

How long is the VWP?

A

60 days

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14
Q

Dry off

A

60 days to allow the mammary glands to rest before calving to ensure peak lactation after calving

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15
Q

What are the advantages of synchronization?

A

Reduce the window of time when insemination is appropriate
Reduce the time spent in estrus detection
enhance estrus detection
Allow scheduling of breeding/inseminations
provide for synchrony essential to most embryo transfer programs

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16
Q

What re the general principles of estrus control and synch?

A

shorten the luteal phase

lengthen the luteal phase

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17
Q

Lutalyse or Estrumate

A

causes regression of the CL

Estrus displayed in 2-5 days

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18
Q

What is the feed through product that can be used to synchronize cattle?

A

MGA

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19
Q

How does the CIDR work?

A

extends the Diestrus phase

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20
Q

Why do you use GnRH with the CIDR?

A

induced a synchronous emergence of a new follicular wave

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21
Q

What should you examine when examining the fetus?

A

Presentation
Position
Posture

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22
Q

How do you assess that the fetus is alive?

A

position response to pedal, palpebral, eye ball, mouth, and anal pressure by movement reflex

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23
Q

What does meconium suggest about the calf?

A

stressed calf

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24
Q

What does fetid odor suggest about the calf?

A

dead calf

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25
Q

Mutation

A

process by which fetus is restored to deliverable fashion

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26
Q

Repulsion

A

Pushing the fetus out of maternal pelvis into the uterine cavity to enable correction of abnormality

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27
Q

Rotation

A

Turning the fetus on its longitudinal axis

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28
Q

Version

A

Turning the fetus on its transverse axis into a cranial or caudal presentation

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29
Q

Eye hooks

A

placed into the medial canthus to help turn the head into the right position

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30
Q

Krey Hook

A

used to grab the jaw bone

used for mostly grabbing parts of the calf when you perform a fetotomy

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31
Q

Fetotomy

A

cutting up parts of the calf

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32
Q

Cornell detorsion rod

A

detorse the calf and uterus

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33
Q

What lube do you use for dystocia?

A

OB tube

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34
Q

What happens if you put traction on both forelimbs of the calf simultaneously?

A

shoulder lock

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35
Q

What are the indications for a fetotomy?

A 
Dead fetus 
Uncorrectable fetal malposition 
Delivery by traction not working 
Fetomaternal disproportion
Certain fetal monsters/ ankylosis 
Incomplete cervical dilation
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36
Q

What type of fetal monsters requires a C-section?

A

Anasarca calf

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37
Q

What is the most common fetotomy?

A

Partial fetotomy

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38
Q

What is included in a fetotomy aftercare?

A 
Lavage uterus 
Systemic antibiotics 
Anti-inflammatories 
IV or Oral calcium 
IV fluids 
Ecbolics: oxytocin or lutalyse
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39
Q

What are the indications for c-section?

A 
Vaginal delivery unsafe for dam or fetus
Most time involves live fetus
Inadequate room to place fetotome 
Oversize large fetus 
If necessary to save the dam's life
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40
Q

What is heritable in Herefords and Shorthorns?

A

Vaginal prolapse

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41
Q

Grade 1 vaginal prolapse?

A

floor of vagina protrudes intermittently

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42
Q

Grade 2 vaginal prolapse?

A

Floor vagina protrudes permanently

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43
Q

Grade 3 vaginal prolapse?

A

Cervix and most vaginal floor protrude

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44
Q

Grade 4 vaginal prolapse?

A

2nd or 3rd degrees that has been exposed long enough to cause necrosis/fibrosis

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45
Q

What is the treatment for vaginal prolapse?

A

Clean with mild antiseptic
debride some necrotic tissue
sugar to reduce edema
manual reduction

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46
Q

What is the prevention for Vaginal prolapse?

A

Buhner technique
Halstead technique/Horizontal mattress
boot lace
jorvet prolapse kit

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47
Q

What would you use to treat a Grade 4 prolapse?

A

Bootlace

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48
Q

What predisposes to Uterine Prolapse?

A

Hypocalcemia
Uterine inertia
Straining

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49
Q

How do you treat Uterine prolapse?

A 
Epidural 
Clean and debride 
Position the down animal in sternal and extend hindlimbs caudally
Reduce 
Vulvar retention sutures
Antibiotics 
Calcium therapy 
Amputation
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50
Q

What are the sequela of Uterine prolapse?

A 
Uterine artery rupture 
Septicemia 
Hypothermia 
Strangulation of other abdominal viscera within prolapse 
Reperfusion injury
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51
Q

First degree perineal laceration

A

only mucosa of vulva or vestibule

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52
Q

How do you treat

First degree perineal laceration?

A

Spontaneously heal

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53
Q

Second degree perineal laceration

A

Entire wall of vulva/vestibule and portion of perineal body but not the anus or rectum

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54
Q

Third degree perineal laceration

A

Entire wall of vagina, perineal body, rectum and anus with common opening for vagina/rectum

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55
Q

How long does uterine involution take?

A

25-50 days

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56
Q

What are the treatment for Retained Fetal membranes?

A

Antibiotic infusion

Collagenase

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57
Q

Metritis

A

Severe inflammation involving all layers of the uterus

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58
Q

Endmetritis

A

Inflammation of the endometrium extending no deeper than the stratum spongiosum

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59
Q

Pyometra

A

Collection of purulent exudate of variable amount within the endometrial cavity

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60
Q

What is the cause of Pyometra?

A

persistent corpus luteum

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61
Q

What are the clinical signs of Metritis?

A

Fetid red-brown watery uterine discharge

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62
Q

How do you treat Metritis?

A

Systemic Antibiotics
Anti-inflammatories
Uterine lavage

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63
Q

What is the treatment for Pyometra?

A

Remove the CL

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64
Q

What is a true anestrus?

A

insufficient hormonal stimulus

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65
Q

How do you treat true anestrus?

A

Nutrition
Eliminate stresses
Detect and treat pathology

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66
Q

How do you treat Ovarian Follicular cysts?

A 
Spontaneous recovery 
Manual rupture 
Lutenize it/ lyse
Aspiration 
Progesterone
67
Q

Early Embryonic Death

A

Fetal death less than 8 weeks

68
Q

Abortion

A

Occurs between 42 and 56 days

69
Q

Stillbirth

A

Fetal death greater than 260 days

70
Q

Clinical signs of Listeria

A

Abortion in the last trimester
Encephalitis
Sick infected cows before and after abortion
Foci of necrosis in the liver of the fetus
Pinpoint yellow necrotic foci on tips of cotyledonary villi

71
Q

What are the clinical signs of Leptospirosis?

A 
Hemolytic Anemia
Hepatic disease
Renal Disease
Abortion 
Photosensitization
72
Q

How do you diagnose Lepto?

A

Fluorescent Antibody - Fetal kidney or Maternal urine

PCR

73
Q

How do you treat Lepto?

A

Vaccinate + tetracycline

74
Q

What are the clinical signs of Brucella?

A

Abortion
Intercotyledonary areas may be dry, thickened, cracked
Moroccan leather

75
Q

How do you diagnose Brucella?

A

Isolation of organism

Serological testing

76
Q

What is important about Brucella?

A

Reportable Disease

77
Q

How do you control Brucella?

A

vaccination

78
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma?

A

Granular vulvovaginitis

Salpingitis

79
Q

How do you diagnose Campylobacter?

A

Clark’s media

80
Q

How do you treat Campylobacter?

A

Cull bulls

Cow clears in 3-6 months

81
Q

How do you control Campylobacter?

A

AI
use negative bulls
vaccine

82
Q

How do you treat Tritrichomonas?

A 
Use only negative bulls 
Test and cull bulls 
Use AI
Sexual Rest 
Quarantine 
Vaccines
83
Q

What is the transmission of Neospora?

A

Ingestion of dog feces

Transmitted vertically

84
Q

What are the clinical signs of Neospora?

A

Abortion 3rd trimester - not ill

Fetus autolysed

85
Q

How do you diagnose Neospora?

A

IHC on fetal tissue and placenta

Serological testing

86
Q

How do you prevent and control Neospora?

A

Dispose carcasses/placentas quickly
Prevent fecal contamination
Select negative heifers

87
Q

What is the most common cause of viral abortion?

A

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

88
Q

What are the different types of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?

A

Venereal

Systemic

89
Q

What are the clinical signs of Systemic IBR?

A

Abortion storm between 4-8 months

+/- Respiratory signs

90
Q

What are the clinical signs of Venereal IBR?

A

Pustules
Nodules
Ulcers
erosions on vulva and penis

91
Q

How do you diagnose IBR?

A

Autolysed fetus
foci necrosis in liver and organs of the fetus
Intranuclear inclusion body

92
Q

How do you treat Venereal IBR?

A

Spontaneously resolve in 1-2 weeks

93
Q

How do you treat/ prevent systemic IBR?

A

Biosecurity
Vaccination
AI

94
Q

What are the congenital defects seen with BVDV?

A

Cerebellar hypoplasia
Arthrogryposis
Hypotrichosis

95
Q

How do you diagnose BVDV?

A

Virus isolation
IHC
PCR

96
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing BVDV?

A

Virus Isolation

97
Q

How do you control BVDV?

A

Biosecurity

Vaccines

98
Q

What is the transmission of Bluetongue?

A

Cullicoides

99
Q

Clinical signs of Bluetongue

A

Abortion

Teratogensis

100
Q

How do you control Bluetongue?

101
Q

Lesions associated with Aspergillus

A

necrosis of cotyledons and thickening of intercotyledonary space

102
Q

How do you diagnose Aspergillus?

103
Q

What Reproductive toxicants cause Abortions?

A

Locoweed
Nitrates
Ponderosa Pine
Broomweed

104
Q

What Reproductive toxicants cause Infertility?

A

Locoweed
Fescue
Insecticides

105
Q

What does Poison Hemlock cause?

A

Crooked Calf Syndrome

106
Q

At what point i gestation does Poison Hemlock cause Crooked Calf Syndrome?

A

50-75 days gestation

107
Q

What is the toxic principle of Lupines?

A

Anagyrine

Ammodendrine

108
Q

What deformities does the ingestion of lupines cause?

A

Severe limb and spinal deformities

Cleft palate

109
Q

At what point i gestation does Lupines cause deformities?

A

40-70 days

110
Q

What do Lupines do to small ruminants when ingested?

111
Q

What deformities does the ingestion of Tobacco cause?

A

Arthrogryposis of the forelimbs and curvature of the spine

112
Q

At what point i gestation does Tobacco cause deformities?

A

50-75 days

113
Q

What is the toxic principle of Locoweed?

A

Swainsonine

114
Q

What do Locoweeds cause?

A

Neurologic signs
Abortion
Fetal abnormalities - arthrogryposis/hydrops

115
Q

What is the toxic principle of Ponderosa pine?

A

Isocupressic acid

116
Q

What does ingestion of ponderosa pine cause?

A

Vasoconstriction at caruncles

Hemorrhagic placentitis

117
Q

What are the clinical signs of Broomweed or snakeweed?

A

Abortion

Retained fetal membranes

118
Q

What causes “Summer Slump” in cattle?

119
Q

What is the “Summer Slump” in cattle?

A

Decreased repro/ infertility

Decrease milk

120
Q

What are the nitrate accumulating plants?

A 
Johnson grass
Sudan grass
Wheat
corn 
oats
121
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nitrate toxicity?

A

Fetal hypoxia and death

Late gestation abortions

122
Q

How do you diagnose Nitrate toxicity?

A

test ocular fluid of aborted fetus

123
Q

Hydroallantois

A

Abnormal accumulation of allantoic fluid during 5-20 day period of last trimester

124
Q

Hydamnios

A

Gradual accumulation of excessive amniotic fluid

125
Q

How do you treat Dropsical conditions like Hydroallantois or Hydamnios?

A

Induce abortion

Slow drainage of fluid over 24 hours

126
Q

How do you induce abortion?

A

Prostaglandins before 150 days gestation

Corticosteroids to decrease placental source of progesterone after 150 days of gestation

127
Q

What are the indications for induced parturition?

A

Severe udder edema
Vaginal prolapse
Abnormal pregnancy (hydrops)

128
Q

What can cause parturition in 20-3 days?

A

Dexamethasone

129
Q

What is the best combination to induce pregnancy within 40 hours?

A

Dexamethasone

PGF 2 alpha

130
Q

What is the minimum progressive motility for Bullls?

131
Q

What is the minimum morphology for Bulls?

132
Q

What are the four parts of the Bull Breeding Soundness Exam?

A

Physical Exam
Minimum scrotal circumference based on age
Minimum progressive motility is 30%
Minimum of 70% morphology

133
Q

What are the methods for Semen collection?

A

Electro-ejaculation
Manual Massage
AV collection

134
Q

How do young bulls get Penile Papilloma?

A

Homosexual riding among young bulls and it enters via wound

135
Q

What are the clinical signs of Penile Papilloma?

A

Scant hemorrhage after coitus
hesitancy to extend penis or breed
usually single, pedunculated growth

136
Q

What is the treatment of Penile Papilloma?

A

Surgical excision

137
Q

What are the complications from Penile papilloma surgical excision?

A

Recurrence

urethral injury

138
Q

What is the cause of Penile hair rings?

A

Body hair accumulation on penis due to homosexual riding among young bulls

139
Q

What is the treatment for Penile Hair Rings?

140
Q

What are the complications of Penile Hair Rings?

A

Necrosis of urethra leading to a fistula

amputation of glans penis

141
Q

Persistent Frenulum

A

incomplete separation of penis and prepuce

142
Q

How do you treat Persistent Frenulum?

A

Surgical excision

143
Q

What are the predisposing factors for Preputial trauma and laceration?

A

Excessive pendulous sheath
Excessive preputial length
large preputial orifice

144
Q

What is the cause of Preputial laceration?

A

Excess prepuce forced caudally during intromission
forms collar of tissue
trapped between bull’s abdomen and cow’s bony penis
Laceration on ventral surface during ejaculatory lunge
lacerates longitudinal to long axis of prepuce
heals transversely as bull retracts penis

145
Q

What is common more in Bos indicus than Bos Taurus?

A

Preputial prolapse

146
Q

How do you diagnose Preputial laceration?

A

Ultrasound

147
Q

What is the preputial laceration conservative therapy?

A

Clean damaged tissues
Emollient ointment -“Petercillin”
Bandaging and slings

148
Q

What is the Pre-surgical therapy for Preputial laceration?

A

Reduce edema through hydrotherapy, pressure bandage, and slings
“Petercillin”
Prophylactic antibiotics

149
Q

What is the surgical management for Preputial Laceration?

A

Resection and anastomosis
Amputation of affected prepuce
Preputial reconstruction

150
Q

What is the rule for Resection and Anastomosis of Penis?

A

Remaining prepuce should be minimum of 1 1/2 times the length of free portion of penis

151
Q

What is the cause of Penile Hematoma?

A

Bull misses the vagina on breeding thrust
penis hits rear of cow or cow slips or goes down under weight of bull
Penis bends rapidly
ruptures at dorsal aspect of distal bend of sigmoid flexure

152
Q

What are the clinical signs of Penile Hematoma?

A

Swelling in sheath immediately cranial base of scrotum

usually symmetrical swelling

153
Q

What is the medical treatment for Penile Hematoma?

A

sexual rest for 60 days
systemic antibiotics
Hydrotherapy

154
Q

What is the surgical therapy for Penile Hematoma?

A 
Surgery between 3-7 days 
Heavy sedation
Repair defect in tunica albuginea 
Post-operative antibiotics 
sexual rest for 60 days
155
Q

Preputial avulsion

A

prepuce torn from connection to free portion of penis

156
Q

What is the cause of S-shaped deviation of the penis?

A

Apical ligament is too short

157
Q

What is the cause of Rainbow/Ventral deviation of the penis?

A

Apical ligament is too long

158
Q

What is the cause of Corkscrew or spiral deviation of the penis?

A

Apical ligament cannot be maintained in a normal position

159
Q

What is the surgery for Penile deviations?

160
Q

What are some causes of Vesiculitis?

A

B. abortus
A. pyogenes
H. somnus

161
Q

What is the treatment for Vesiculitis?

A

Tetracyclines

162
Q

What are some causes of Epididymitis?

A

A. pyogenes

B. abortus

163
Q

What is the treatment for Epididymitis?

A

Tetracycline

RUSVM Theriogenology 2017 (7 decks)

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