Canine Head Flashcards
What is the Dog Cephalic Index Formula
(100 x skull width)/ skull length
Dogs with a Dog cephalic index less than 50 are considered
Dolichocephalic
Dogs with a Dog cephalic index greater than 100 are considered
Brachycephalic
Dogs with a dog cephalic index of 50-100 are considered
Mesaticephalic
4 palpable superficial structures are
Infraorbital foramen
Mental foramen
Nuchal and Sagittal Crest
Zygomatic arch/Mandible
Define mimetic muscles
Superficial facial expression muscles; associated w/ hyoid apparatus
What are the 6 mimetic muscles
1) Orbicularis oris
2) Orbicularis oculi
3) Caninus
4) Buccinator
5) Levator nasolabialis
6) Levator labii superioris
Which cranial nerve supplies the mimetic muscles
Facial nerve; CN VII
What are the 3 branches of CN VII (Facial n.) that are involved in facial nerve paralysis
1) Palpebral n.
2) Dorsal Buccal n.
3) Ventral Buccal n.
3 clinical signs of facial nerve paralysis in dogs and the muscle affected
1) Inability to close eyes- Orbicularis Occuli m.
2) Food in vestibule- Buccinator m.
3) Dropped ear- Rostral and Caudal auricular m.
What are the general functions of mastication muscles
To provide and maintain jaw tone
Name the 4 mastication muscles
1) Temporalis
2) Masseter
3) Pterygoid (Lateral and Medial)
4) Digastricus
What is the function of the Lateral/Medial Pterygoid m.
They close and drop the jaw
Which nerve innervates the Lateral/Medial Pterygoid m.
Mandibular n.
What is the specific function of the digastricus m.
Open the jaw
Which nerve innervate the Caudal portion of the digastricus m.
Facial n.
Which nerve innervates the Rostral portion of the digastricus m.
Mandibular n.
What is another name for “Mandibular nerve paralysis”
Dropped jaw
Where does the parotid salivary gland duct open
Against the upper 4th premolar
Location of the Parotid lymph node and what it drains
Rostral to parotid salivary gland; drains the superficial structures dorsal to palate
Where does the mandibular salivary gland open up
At the sublingual caruncle
Where is the mandibular lymph node located and what does it drain
In the intermandibular space; drains superficial structures
Where does the monostomatic sublingual salivary gland open
At the sublingual caruncle
Where does the polystomatic sublingual salivary gland open
At the sublingual fold
Where does the zygomatic/buccal salivary gland open
Against the upper 2nd molar
Where do all of the lymph nodes of the head drain to
First, into the medial retropharyngeal lymph node and then the tracheal duct
Define “ranula”
Pathological dilation of the sublingual salivary gland duct (confined to oral floor)
Define “Mucocele”
Collection of mucoid saliva in the surrounding tissues
What is Keratoconjuctivitis sica (KCS)?
Eye condition characterized by dryness and lack of tear production
How do you treat Keratoconjunctivitis sica (KCS)?
Transposition of parotid duct into conjunctival sac to compensate for compromised tear production
What are the Dorsal, Ventral, and Caudal borders of the oral cavity proper
Dorsal- Hard and soft palate
Ventral-Tongue and mucosa
Caudal- Tongue, soft palate, and palatoglossal arch
What is the permanent dog dental formula
2x (I3/3; C1/1; P4/4; M2/3)= 42
What is the temporary dog dental formula
2x ( I3/3; C1/1; P3/3)= 28
Sectorial/Shearing tooth: upper p4 and lower M1
What is the permanent dental formula for cats
2x (I3/3; C1/1; P3/2; M1/1)= 30
What is the temporary dental formula for cats
2x ( I3/3; C1/1; P3/2)= 26
When is it necessary to perform a nerve blocking of the palpebral branch of the facial nerve (CN VII)
During eye examinations
At what level would you block the palpebral branch of CN VII
The level of the zygomatic arch
Where does the infraorbital (maxillary) nerve emerge from
The infraorbital foramen
Which procedures require blocking of the infraorbital (maxillary) nerve
Minor procedures in the upper lip, canines, and incisors
Which nerves make up the mental nerves
Inferior-alveolar and Mandibular
What procedures require blocking of the mental nerves
Minor procedures in the lower lip, incisors, and canines
Which papillae of the tongue are mechanical
Filiform/Conical
Which papillae are for taste
Fungiform, Vallate, and Foliate
Where is the Lyssa located on the tongue
On the ventral surface
Name the 4 extrinisic tongue muscles
1) Geniohyoideus m.
2) Styloglossus m.
3) Hyoglossus m.
4) Genioglossus m.
General function of extrinsic muscles of the tongue is to
Move the tongue
General function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue
Stiffens the tongue
How do the fibers of the intrinsic tongue muscles run
Longitudinally, transversely, and vertically
What are the two types of hypoglossal nerve injury
1) paralysis of extrinsic muscles
2) paralysis of ipsilateral muscles
What happens during the paralysis of the extrinsic tongue muscles during a hypoglossal nerve injury
Inability to protrude the tongue
What happens during the paralysis of the ipsilateral tongue muscles during a hypoglossal nerve injury
Tongue deviates towards injured side
List the 5 constrictors of the pharynx
1) Pterygopharyngeus
2) Palatopharyngeus
3) Hyopharyngeus
4) Thyropharyngeus
5) Cricopharyngeus
What is the dilator muscle of the pharynx
Stylopharyngeus m.
What are the 5 general parts of the larynx
1) Hyoid apparatus
2) Epiglottis
3) Thyroid
4) Arytenoid
5) Cricoid
Where does the laryngeal vestibule extend
From the laryngeal entrance to the vocal fold
Another name for the glottic clef is
Rima glottidis
Where is the infra glottic space
Between the vocal fold to the trachea
The glottis is formed by which two structures
Vestibule and the glottic cleft
Name the two laryngeal constrictors
1) Thyroarytenoideus
2) Cricoaytenoideus lateralis
What are the two laryngeal dilators
1) Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
2) Arytenoideus transversus
During breathing, what happens
Air goes into the nasopharynx from the nasal cavity, passes through the larynx, and enters the trachea.
The arytenoid cartilages open and block the oral cavity and esophagus
The soft palate is lowered
During swallowing, what happens
The food enters the oral cavity, then the oropharynx, and finally goes through the esophagus
The arytenoid cartilages close, which blocks the entrance to the trachea.
The soft palate is raised
Describe laryngeal hemiplegia
Paralysis of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, which causes: laxity in vocal fold, narrower glottis, and obstructed airways
What is BAS and which breed is it mostly seen in
Brachycephalic airway syndrome; obese dogs
Describe BAS
When the redundant mucous membrane tightens during swallowing, entrapping the epiglottis by the aryepiglottic fold
How do you treat BAS
Axial transection of aryepiglottic fold using bistoury
Tympanic bulla osteotomies give access to
The middle ear
