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BDS3 Microbiology and Oral Pathology > Candidosis > Flashcards

Candidosis Flashcards

1
Q

does candida act in isolation

A

no they will usually be found with bacteria

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2
Q

what bacteria can candida interact with

A

strep mutans
endrococcus localus
p. gingivalis
staph aureus

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3
Q

are candida bigger than bacteria

A

yes - they provide sites of attachment for bacteria and can take up lots of space

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4
Q

what are the physical scaffolds candida create for bacteria called

A

mycofilms

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5
Q

why might candida infection occur

A

usually due to immunosuppression

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6
Q

what are some examples of candidal infection

A

periodontitis
dental implants
denture stomatitis
UTI
chronic wounds
endocarditis

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7
Q

what are the 4 main types of candidosis

A

pseudomembranous
erythematous
hyperplastic
angular cheilitis

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8
Q

what is pseudomembranous candidosis

A

thrush

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9
Q

what is erythematous candidosis

A

atrophic - HIV related
denture replated

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10
Q

what is hyperplastic candidosis

A

candidal leukoplakia - associated with early stage malignancy

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11
Q

what can happen to pseudomembranous candidosis

A

can be scraped away - more common before antiretroviral therapy for HIV patients

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12
Q

where does chronic hyperplastic candida grow

A

inside the tissue rather than on them - hyphe grow into tissue and cannot be scraped off

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13
Q

what should you do when hyperplastic candida is spotted

A

take a biopsy to check for pre-malignancy

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14
Q

what is angular cheilitis

A

candida at the corners of the mouth

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15
Q

what topical antifungal is prescribed for treatment of angular cheilitis

A

myconazole

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16
Q

how can denture stomatitis occur

A

lots of nooks and cracks in the denture surface, the PMMA contacting the mucosa can irritate it
coaggregation and biofilm formation

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17
Q

what are the types of denture stomatitis

A

Newton’s type 1 - localised inflammation
Newton’s type 2 - diffuse inflammation
Newton’s type 3 - granular inflammation

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18
Q

what are signs and symptoms of denture induced stomatitis

A

inflamed mucosa
burning sensation
discomfort
bad taste

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19
Q

what is one of the biggest potential problems of not treating denture stomatitis

A

they can inhale the microorganisms - aspiration pneumonia

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20
Q

describe how denture stomatitis occurs

A

plaque forms on the denture surface, this releases toxins which irritate the mucosa and cause inflammation and thinning

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21
Q

what are the two main types of candida species

A

candida albicans
candida glabrata

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22
Q

what is candida albicans sensitive to

A

fluconazole and myconazole

23
Q

is candida glabrata sensitive to fluconazole or metronidazole

24
Q

what can be quite hard about treatment of candida

A

toxicity of some antifungal agents
emergence of resistance

25
why are we seeing more candida glabrata emerging
use of fluconazole allows depression of other microbes and allows it to grow
26
why is candida albicans so important
starts as a yeast but feed it sugar and if it gets stressed it becomes hyphe which can adhere to tissues and also invade into the tissue and bloodstream
27
does glabrata form hyphe
no
28
how does systemic candidiasis occur
organism gets on a disruption to the skin its stressed in the environment and forms hyphe, it then creates biofilms, the biofilms then enter the bloodstream and then can infect other tissues
29
what are hydrolytic enzymes
enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of a substrate through addition of water they are present in biofilms
30
what does phospholipase contribute to infection
host cell penetration
31
what does haemolysin contribute to infection
facilitates hyphal invasion
32
what does proteinase contribute to infection
adhesion to epithelial cells
33
how is chronic candida in the mouth associated with head and neck cancer
alcohol produced by candida - acetaldehyde is a carcinogen which can damage DNA and cause cancer
34
what ways in which can you test if a patient has candidiasis
smear (scrape it off) oral rinse swab foam pad biopsy
35
what would the rinse, swab and foam pad tests be put on
agar plate with sabouraud agar
36
how do you treat candida glabrata
nystatin
37
in what 3 ways do antifungals work
azoles - work on ergosterol via synthesis pathways polyenes - bind directly with ergosterols and cause leakage and cause death echinocandins - act of beta 1,3 glucan synthase - destabilises cell wall can causes cell death
38
what is an antibacterial and anticandidal topical solution you should go to first
chlorhexidine
39
what is the dual-resistance mechanism
staph aureus can coat itself in candida polymers and become resistant to vancomycin
40
if a patient is not immunocompromised and has good oral hygiene what should the treatment be
any topical or systemic antifungal
41
if the patient is not immunocompromised and has poor oral hygiene, what should the treatment be
improve oral hygiene and prescribe chlorhexidine rinse
42
if the patient is immunocompromised what should the treatment for candida be
systemic antifungal and topical antifungals and a chlorhexidine rinse
43
if the patient is suffering from candida infection but is not immunocompromised and has a dry mouth what should the treatment be
topical antifungal - avoid systemic antifungals
44
if the patient is suffering from candida infection but is not immunocompromised and does NOT have a dry mouth what should the treatment be
any topical or systemic antifungal
45
if the patient is suffering from candida and has large erosive lesions but is not immunocompromised what should treatment be
systemic antifungal and topical antifungal and a chlorhexidine mouthwash
46
if a patient presents who is not immunocompromised and does not have any large erosive lesions but is suffering from candida what should the treatment be
any topical or systemic antifungal
47
what are three examples of hydrolytic enzymes
phospholipases haemolysin proteinases
48
what is the function of phospholipases
host cell penetration
49
what is the function of haemolysin
facilitates hyphal invasion
50
what is the function of proteinases
adhesion to epithelial cells
51
what are examples of azole drugs that work on ergosterol synthesis of the fungal cell wall
fluconazole voriconazole
52
what is an example of polyenes that bind directly with ergosterol and cause leakage and death
nystatin
53
what is an example of echinocandins that act on the beta 1,3 glucan synthase and destabilise the cell wall
capsofungin micafungin

BDS3 Microbiology and Oral Pathology (6 decks)

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