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Reproductive > Cancers > Flashcards

Cancers Flashcards

1
Q

What type are most vulval cancers

A

Squamous carcinoma

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2
Q

What is the main cause of vulval cancer in pre-menopausal women

A

HPV

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3
Q

How do vulval tumours normally spread

A

Local and lymphatic to inguinal

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4
Q

What is removed in definitive surgery for vulval cancer

A

Primary tumour and nodes

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5
Q

Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia is cured by

A

Excision

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6
Q

What are most cervical carcinomas

A

Squamous cell

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7
Q

What other carcinoma can cervical cancer be

A

Adenocarcinoma

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8
Q

What common aetiology of cervical cancer

A

HPV

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9
Q

What is the precursor to SCC in cerivcal

A

CIN

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10
Q

What does cervical screening detect

A

Enlarged nuclei with abnormal chromatin

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11
Q

What age is the HPV vaccine offered to girl

A

12-13
6&11
16&18

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12
Q

How does carcinoma in cervix spread

A

Iliac then aortic nodes then wider dissemination

Can be local spread to bladder, ureters, rectum

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13
Q

Who mostly gets endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

Perimenopausal and older women

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14
Q

What is the biggest cause in perimenopausal women

A

Unopposed oestrogen from obesity, exogenous oestrogen administration and hormone secreting tumour

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15
Q

Why is tamoxifen implicated in endometrial tumours

A

Causes increased stimulation of oestrogen receptors whilst suppressing breast oestrogen receptors

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16
Q

What does unopposed oestrogen cause

A

Endometrial hyperplasia then endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma

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17
Q

Other type of endometrial adenocarcinoma

A

Serous

Less common but more aggressive

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18
Q

What are benign tumours of the uterine smooth muscle

A

Fibroids- leiomyomas

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19
Q

Symptoms of fibroids

A

Heavy menstrual bleeding
Menorrhagia
Infertility
Compression if big

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20
Q

Why do fibroids grow

A

Oestrogen dependent

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21
Q

What is malignant tumors of myometrium called

A

Leiomyoscarcoma

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22
Q

What metastasis is common with leiomyoscaroma

A

Lungs

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23
Q

What are the three origin of ovarian cancer

A

Germ cell
Epithelium
Sex cord-stromal

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24
Q

What are the majority of ovarian cancers

A

Epithelial

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25
Q

What are the three subtypes of ovarian epithelial tumours

A

Serous
Mucinous
Endometriod

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26
Q

What are the three classifications of ovarian cancer

A

Benign
Borderline
Malignant

27
Q

What is the prognosis of malignant ovarian epithelial tumours

A

Poor

Spread late

28
Q

What spread do ovarian epithelial cancers do

A

Transcoelomic

29
Q

How do ovarian endometrial tumours that have metastasise present

A

Ascites, intestinal obstruction and death

30
Q

Are ovarian germ cell tumors normally benign or malignant

A

Benign

31
Q

What is the most common type of germ cell tumour

A

Mature cystic teratoma- dermoid cyst

32
Q

What a characteristic of dermoid cyst

A

Tissue from three germ layers

33
Q

What does the presence of immature tissue indicate

A

This is neuroepithelium and indicates malignancy

34
Q

What are the other types of malignant germ cell tumours

A

Dysgerminoma
Yolk sac
Choriocarcinoma
Embryonal carcinoma

35
Q

What markers are useful to detect malignant germ cell carcinomas

A

Alpha fetoprotein and beta hCG

36
Q

What tissue sex cord stromal tumours derived from

A

Ovarian stroma which is derived from sex cord of embryonic gonad

37
Q

What do sex cord stromal tumours normal produce

A

Oestrogens = endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma and iso sexual precocious puberty

38
Q

What can sertoli leydig cell tumours cause

A

Produce androgens and cause defeminisation, masculinisation, amenorrhoea, infertility

39
Q

What are kruckenberg tumours

A

Metastatic gastrointestinal tumours metastasis to ovaries from stomach

40
Q

What is the most common age for testicular tumours

A

15-34

41
Q

What are testicular tumours classified as

A

Germ cell or sex cord stromal

42
Q

What is the most common sex cord stromal tumours seen is testes

A

Sertoli or leydig- benign

43
Q

What makes up 95% of testicular tumours in postpubertal males

A

Germ cell

Malignant

44
Q

What is aetiology of germ cell tumours

A

Familial
Cancer in one testes
Cryptorchidism and hence orchiopexy - affects both testes

45
Q

How does testicular cancer usually present

A

Painless mass

46
Q

What is intratubular germ cell neoplasi

A

Pre invasive precursor of germ cells

47
Q

What are the two groups of germ cell tumours in testicular cancer

A

Seminomas

Non seminomatous germ cell tumours

48
Q

What is the peak age for seminoma

A

40-50

49
Q

What are the pure NSGCT classification

A

Yolk sac
Embryonal carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
Teratoma

50
Q

When are yolk sac tumours common

A

Young children

Good prognosis

51
Q

How are yolk sac tumours detected

A

Yolk sac tumours produce alpha fetoprotein- blood tumour marker

52
Q

When do embryonal carcinomas, choriocarcinoma and mixed NSGCTs occur

A

Young adults

53
Q

What are all choriocarcinomas associated with

A

Elevated serum beta hCG

54
Q

What are mixed NSGCTs associated with

A

Elevated AFP and hCG

55
Q

When can teratomas arise

A

All ages

56
Q

When are teratomas benign or malignant

A

Benign- prepubertal

Malignant- postpubertal

57
Q

What % of seminomas are associated with elevated hCG

A

10%- the syncytiotrophoblastic cells

58
Q

What are the characteristics of seminomas

A

Confined to testis for long periods of time
Metastasis Via lymphatics- iliac and para aortic
Further spread is rare

59
Q

What are the characteristics of NSGCTs

A

Metastasis early
Lymphatics and blood vessels
Can metastasise before palpable

60
Q

How are testicular tumours treated

A

Radical orchiectomy

61
Q

How are seminomas treated

A

Very responsive to radio

62
Q

What germ cell tumour has best prognosis

A

Seminoma

63
Q

How are NSGCTs treated after surgery

A

Aggressive chemo

64
Q

Why are tumour markers tested after surgery

A

Response to therapy

Reproductive (13 decks)

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