Cancer Topic 2 Flashcards
Cancer stays in one place usually within a membrane
Benign
Isn’t normally dangerous
Benign
Tumour grows and spreads to healthy cells
Malignant
Cells can break off and spread to other parts of the body travelling in the bloodstream
Malignant
Tumour isn’t cancerous
Benign
Form secondary tumours
Malignant
Dangerous and cancerous tumours
Malignant
What are artificial hearts
Mechanical devices that pump blood for a person whose own heart has failed
What is the advantage of an artificial heart
Less risk of rejection because they are made out of plastic and metal and the body doesn’t see it as foreign
How can valve be damaged
By heart attacks, infection, old age.
What may damage to valves cause
It may cause the valve tissue to stiffen and so it won’t open properly
What is artificial blood
A blood substitute e.g. a salt solution hitch is used to replace the lost volume of blood
how is skin a barrier against disease (3)
- forms a protective layer covering the body
- consists of dead cells ad is difficult for pathogens to penetrate
- produces an oily substance called sebum which can kill bacteria
how does the nose prevent us from disease
the hairs and mucus trap pathogens
what are the tranchea and bronchi covered in
tiny hairs called cilia
how does the cilia trap pathogens (2)
- because it is covered in mucus
- the cilia waft waft the mucus upwards towards the throat where it is swallowed into the stomach
what chemical does bacteria release that makes us unwell
toxins
what does the immune system do
- destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce
- it protects us in case the same type of pathogen invades us again in the future
what are antibodies
protein molecules produced by white blood cells
2 facts about antibodies
- specific
- remain in the body for a long time- good in case reinfection occurs
what do antitoxins do
they stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging cells
what do muscle cells contain that allows them to change their shape
protein fibres
what do the mitochondria in muscle cells provide
the energy needed to contract
