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Oncology/Rheumatology > Cancer Screening/Therapy > Flashcards

Cancer Screening/Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What makes an ideal tumor marker?

A
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2
Q

Usefulness of Tumor Marker Kinetics?

A

Kinetics best used in monitoring for recurrence

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3
Q

Why are serum tumor markers measured?

A
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4
Q

Heterodimeric Glycoprotein
▪ a-chain virtually identical in LH, FSH, TSH
▪ b-chain different and responsible for unique functions

Use of this Tumour Marker?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)

Use:

  • Early detection/monitoring of pregnancy
  • Detection/monitoring of hCG-producing germ cell tumors (ovarian, placental, testicular origin)
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5
Q

______________________ is a neoplastic process arising from trophoblastic cells which can lead to _______________________ a RARE malignant form associated with incomplete removal of the chorion during molar pregnancy, abortion, ectopic, normal pregnancy

How is this condition detected/monitored?

Indications for chemotherapy?

A

Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a neoplastic process arising from trophoblastic cells which can lead to Choriocarcinoma a RARE malignant form associated with incomplete removal of the chorion during molar pregnancy, abortion, ectopic, normal pregnancy

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG) Monitored

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6
Q

Glycoprotein produced during embryonic development which performs functions of albumin in fetal circulation?

When do concentrations fall to adult levels?

What is this marker elevated in?

A
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7
Q

Cell surface glycoprotein that plays a role in cell adhesion?

Use of this Tumour Marker?

A
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8
Q

Antigenic glycoprotein markers on cell surface secreted by tumor cells?

Use of CA 125?

A
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9
Q

Serine protease expressed by epithelial cells in the prostate gland.

Function?

What causes elevation of this marker?

A
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10
Q

Staging/Prognosis of Prostate Cancer?

A
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11
Q

Detection of Multiple Myeloma?

A
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12
Q

Dimeric glycoprotein made in follicular cells of the thyroid glands and deposited into the colloid. Use of this tumour marker?

A

Thyroglobulin (Tg)

Presence in circulation in very SMALL AMOUNTS => Marker for active thyroid issue.

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13
Q

Tumor marker used for detection of Medullary Thyroid Cancer?

A
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14
Q

Chemotherapeutic that functions by cross-linking DNA Strands?

A

Alkylating Agents

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15
Q

Chemotherapeutic that functions by adducting DNA => Strand breaks?

A

Platinums

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16
Q

Chemotherapeutic that functions by interfering with mitosis?

A

Microtubule Inhibitors

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17
Q

Chemotherapeutic that functions by stopping DNA replication and RNA Transcription?

A

Topoisomerase Inhibitors

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18
Q

Chemotherapeutic that functions by inhibiting DNA Synthesis?

A

Antibiotics

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19
Q

Chemotherapeutic that functions by interfering with RNA/DNA Synthesis?

A

Antimetabolites

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20
Q

EGFR Targeted therapies?

A
21
Q

Cell Cycle

  • __________: cell prepares for DNA synthesis
  • __________: cell generates complete copy of genetic material
  • __________: cell prepares for mitosis
  • __________: replicated DNA is condensed and segregated into chromosomes
  • __________: resting state
A
22
Q

Alkylating Agents

  • Examples
  • Cell Cycle Specificity
  • MOA
A
23
Q

Platinum Analogues

  • MOA
  • Indications
A
24
Q

Anti-Metabolites

  • Examples
  • Cell Cycle Specificity
  • MOA
  • Indications
  • Side Effects
A
25
Q

Topoisomerase Inhibitors

  • Examples
  • Cell Cycle Specificity
  • MOA
  • Indication
A
26
Q

Anti-Tumor Antibiotics

  • Example
  • MOA
  • Side Effects
  • Indication
A
27
Q

Therapeutics Affecting Microtubules

  • Examples
  • MOA
  • Side Effects
  • Indications
A
28
Q

Small Molecule Kinase Inhibitors

  • Examples
  • MOA
  • Indication
A
29
Q

Hormonal Therapies for Breast Cancer

A

Estrogen Receptor antagonist (Tamoxifen)

Aromatase inhibitors (Anastrozole, Letrosole): Block conversion of androgens to estrogens in peripheral fat

30
Q

Hormonal Therapies for Prostate Cancer

A

Androgen receptor antagonists: Bicalutamide, Flutamide

Gonadorelin analogs => pituitary suppression of androgen secretion: Buserelin, Goserelin

31
Q

Asparaginase MOA as a Chemotherapeutic?

A
32
Q

Types of Biotherapeutics?

A

Group IIa- Interphering with a molecule or protein

group IIb- Delivering other compounds/proteins

33
Q

mAb that binds to and neutralizes TNF-alpha. Used to treat Chron’s Disease and RA

A

Infliximab

34
Q

Recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist used to treat moderate/severe RA?

A

Anakinra

35
Q

Binds to integrins blocking VCAM-1 Interaction used to treat MS?

A

Natalizumab

36
Q

Chimeric mAb against CD20 that depletes B-Cell populations and is used to treat Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma and RA?

A

Rituximab

37
Q

mAb against HER-2 cell surface receptor, used to treat HER2 Positive breast cancer?

A

Transtizumab (Herceptin)

38
Q

Checkpoint inhibitor that binds PD-1 receptor restoring T-Cell function, enabling activated T-cells to kill tumor cells?

A

Pembrolizumab

39
Q

Humanized HER-2 Antibody conjugated to a DNA topoisomerase I inhibitor, used to treat HER2 Positive breast cancer.

A

Trastuzumab Deruxtecan

Combines extracellular recognition w/ intracellular delivery of drugs. Deliver a high dose of chemotherapy to cells ONLY expressing HER-2.

40
Q

Dimeric fusion protein between soluble TNF-alpha receptor and Fc portion of IgG1 used to Moderate/severe RA + Severe Polyarticular Juvenile RA

A

Etanercept

41
Q

Early Diagnosis vs. Screening for Cancer?

A
42
Q

How to Asses the Value of a Diagnostic test?

  • Sensitivity
  • Speciicity
  • Positive Predictive Value
  • Negative predictive value
A

Sensitivity: True Positive/ (True Positive + False Negative)

Specificity: True Negative/ (True negative + False Positive)

43
Q

Statistical properties of successful screening?

  • Sensitivity
  • Specificity
  • Positive Predictive value
A
44
Q

Biases of Screening tests?

A
45
Q

Principles of Screening for a Disease (10)

A
46
Q

Conventional vs. Serrated vs. Microsatellite Instability Pathway Mutations?

A
47
Q

Screening for Colorectal Cancer?

A

FIT (Fecal Immunochemical Test):

  • Delivered to home
  • Ages 55-74 Targeted
  • Negative (95%)- Repeat in 2 years
  • Positive (5%)- Refer for colonoscopy
48
Q

Screening for Cervical Cancer?

A

MOST SUCCESSFUL SCREENING TEST

49
Q

HPV Vaccination recommendations?

A

Oncology/Rheumatology (8 decks)

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