Cancer Prevention and Detection Flashcards
Between __% and __% of all cancers are associated with lifestyle.
60 and 70
Most preventable cause of cancer
cigarette smoking
measure of occurrence in population over time
absolute risk
someone with risk vs. someone without risk
relative risk
amount of disease caused by a specific risk factor and prevention if change in population
attributable risk
side stream smoke accounts for ___% of cancer
20-30
___-___% of all cancers diagnosed are hereditary
5-10
two or more generations diagnosed with the same or related forms of cancer
hereditary cancer
hereditary tumors
early age of onset
occurrence of rare tumors
bilateral, multifocal, or multiple primary tumors in one or more family members
Med Term: adeno
glandular
Med Term: eithelial
carcinoma
Med Term: oma
tumor
Med Term: leio
smooth
Med Term: myo
muscle
Med Term: sarcomas
connective tissue
Med Term: hemato
blood
Classifications of Neoplasms:
Glandular Epithelium
Benign- adenoma
Malignant- adenocarcinoma
Classifications of Neoplasms:
squamous epithelium
Benign- papilloma
Malignant- squamous cell carcinoma
Classifications of Neoplasms:
connective tissue- smooth muscle
Benign- leiomyoma
Malignant- leiomyosarcoma
Classifications of Neoplasms:
hematopoietic
Benign-
Malignant- leukemia
Classifications of Neoplasms:
lymphoreticular
Benign-
Malignant- lymphoma
Classifications of Neoplasms:
neural
Benign- neuroma
Malignant- blastoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
oral cavity
squamous cell carcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
pharynx
squamous cell carcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
lung
squamous cell carcinoma
adenocarcinoma ***
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
breast
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
colon and rectum
adenocarcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
anus
squamous cell carcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
cervix
squamous cell carcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
endometrium
adenocarcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
prostate
adenocarcinoma
Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:
brain
astrocytoma
Three Levels of cancer prevention
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
Measures taken early to prevent cancer from taking place
ex) change in lifestyle
primary
specific populations
refers to testing and identifying
more susceptible
ex) screenings- should be sensitive and specific when and when not present
secondary
refers to the prevention of the disease
tertiary
dietary recommendations to reduce cancer risks
- avoid overeating, maintain ideal body weight
- reduce fat intake
- fruits and veggies that provide fiber
- minimize intake of salt cured, smoked, and nitrate cured (stomach and esophageal)
- limit consumption of alcohol (oral cavity cancer)
number of new cases
incidence rate
number of deaths
mortality rate
proportion of patience alive at some point after their diagnosis
survival rate
measures proportion of the population who have cancer at a specified point or during an interval of time
prevalence
Include fatality rates only for those who have the disease
case- fatality rate
What are the most common cancers in males?
- Prostate 20%
- Lung
- Colon and rectum
What is the most common type of cancer?
skin cancer
Incidence rates of cancer in men
- Black
- White
- American indians/ native americans have lowest
Most common cancers in females?
- breast 30%
- lung and bronchus
- colon and rectum
Incidence rates of cancer in women
- white
- blacks
- hispanics
- asian/ specific islander
- american indian/ native american have lowest
Tests for colorectal screenings
- FOBT- annually
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy- 5 years
- Double Contrast BE- 5 years
- Colonoscopy- 10 years
- Combo of FOBT and flex sig- 5 years ***
Breast Cancer screening
- Breast self exam @ 20, 5-7 after cycle
- Clinical breast exam
- mommograpy @ 40
Components of a BSE
- visual exam in mirror
- palpation in the shower
- palpation in the supine position on the bed
Serum Tumor Markers
increased because of cancer
evaluated by blood
Serum Tumor Markers- examples:
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
hepatocellular carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teritoma, embryonal cells
Serum Tumor Markers- examples: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
colon, rectum, pancreas, stomach, lung, breast, ovary
Serum Tumor Markers- examples:
CA-125
epithelial, ovarian, breast, colorectal
Serum Tumor Markers- examples:
CA-15-3
breast
Serum Tumor Markers- examples:
CA-19-9
colorectal, pancreas, stomach, liver
Serum Tumor Markers- examples:
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
choriocarcinoma, germ cell tumor, testicular, types of cysts
Serum Tumor Markers- examples:
Prostate- specific antigen (PSA)
Prostate
General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:
local spread
Benign- expanding, pushing
Malignant- infiltrative and invasive
General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:
distant spread
Benign- rare
Malignant- metastasize early or late by lymphatics, blood, or seeding
General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:
differentiation
Benign- well differentiated
Malignant- well differentiated to undifferentiated
General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:
mitotic activity
Benign- normal
Malignant- normal to increased mitotic rate
General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:
morphology
Benign- normal
Malignant- normal to pleomorphic
General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:
effect on host
Benign- little (depending on treatment and location of tumor)
Malignant- life threatening
General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:
doubling time
Benign- normal
Malignant- normal to accelerated