cancer points to learn Flashcards
what is the highest grade of squamous dysplasia?
carcinoma in situ - benign
spiculation
a lump of tissue with spikes or points on the surface
tripclar mitosis
malignant
lintis plastica
when the stomach has thickened walls due to diffuse infiltration by cancer cells
what cancer does salt cause
gastric
what do calcium supplemnets do
increase chance of prostate cancer and decrease chance of colorectal cancer
who shoudl take folic acid
pregnant women
when is red wine protective
post menopausal - 1 a day
what cancers does coffee reduce the risk of
liver and endometrial
what is neureoectodermal cancer
cancer of malenocytes and glial cells of the CNS
where does lung cancer met to
bone, brain, adrenal and liver
where do sarcomas invade
locally - rather than via blood eg carcinoma
what happens to your FBC in haematological malignancies?
increase as malignant cells replace everyhting
what does a lymphoma look like
solid white mass - cells look like their origin as oppose to their met
does primary brain cancer met
no because of the BBB
what does PSA mark
prostate cancer - used for diagnosis and monitoring
what is the normal reference range for PSA
0-4
what is used to monitor therapy in testicular cancer
AFP
what causes new bone formation
osteoblasts - they prododuce new ALP (Also found in biliary tree of liver)
how do you investigate bone mets
isotope bone scan
what is an adjuvant
after surgery - reduces risk of recurrance
what is a neo-adjuvant
before surgery to shrink tumour
what is tranzutumab
monoclonal antibody of HER2 and EGFR family
what is the definitoin of cancer
somatic mosaicism largely caused by post-zygomatic mutations
which genes reair DNA strand breaks
BRACA1, BRACA2, RAD51
what is xeroderma pigmentation
single stranded DNA repair malfunction
what cancer is HNPCC lynch syndrome realted to
colorectal + endometrial
driver mutation
mutations that drive carcinongenesis
passenger mutations
incidental mutation that happens because the tumour is unstable
what is BRAF associated with
melanoma
what is MLH1 associated with
bowel cancer
what is the inheritance pattern of breast cancer
autosomal dominant
what is the hormonal manipulation drug used for breast cancer
tamoxifen
