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Year 2: Pharmacology for nursing practice > Cancer Pharmacology > Flashcards

Cancer Pharmacology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is systemic anti-cancer therapy (SACT)?

A

Refers to all drugs (irrespective of route of administration) with direct ant-tumor activity, including cytotoxic chemotherapy

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2
Q

What is cancer?

A

A condition where cells grow and reproduce uncontrollably

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3
Q

State the key differences between normal and cancer cells

A

Normal cells are subject to strict control whereas Cancer cells are autonomous - they do not demonstrate normal cell control

Normal cells:
• Reproduce themselves exactly
• Stop reproducing at the right time
• Stick together in the right place
• Self destruct if they are damaged
• Become specialised or 'mature'
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4
Q

Define apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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5
Q

What word defines “programmed cell death”?

A

apoptosis

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6
Q

Define Angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

in the case of cancer, this formation allows tumours to spread.

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7
Q

What term defines the process of “forming new blood vessels”?

A

angiogenesis

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8
Q

Define metastasis

A

development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.

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9
Q

What term defines the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer?

A

metastasis

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10
Q

List some ant-cancer treatments.

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiotherapy
  • Cytotoxic chemotherapy
  • Immuno-oncology or immunotherapies
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11
Q

What are the factors that explain higher susceptibility of malignant cancer cells than normal cells to toxic effects of chemotherapy?

A

– They can reproduce more rapidly than many
normal cells

– The proportion of tumour cells dividing at any
one time is often higher than that in normal
tissue

– Cancer cells often repair less well than normal
cells when injured

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12
Q

What is cytotoxic chemotherapy?

A

an interventional cancer treatment which involves introducing agents into the body to slow or stop the growth of cell. induces cell death

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13
Q

How do do cytotoxic drugs lead to the destruction of cancer cells?

A

(1) interfering with cellular replication

(2) inducing programmed cell death or
cell senescence through cell injury or
other mechanisms

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14
Q

in the context of cancer treaments, what is primary treatment?

A

An treament intervention which aims to completely remove the cancer or kill any cancer cells

common primary treatment includes surgery

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15
Q

What type of treatment aims to completely remove the cancer or kill any cancer cells?

A

primary treatment

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16
Q

In the context of cancer treaments, what is adjuvant treatment?

A

intervention which aims to kill any cancer cells that may remain after primary treatment in order to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur.

17
Q

What type of treatment aims to kill any cancer cells that may remain after primary treatment in order to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur?

A

adjuvant treatment

18
Q

In the context of cancer treaments, what is neo-adjuvant treatment?

A

Treatment given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, which is usually surgery, is given

19
Q

What treatment is given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, which is usually surgery, is given?

A

neo adjuvant treatment

20
Q

In the context of cancer treaments, what is single therapy?

A

The use of a singe treatment to remove the cancer

21
Q

What type of therapy uses a single treatment to remove the cancer?

A

single therapy

22
Q

In the context of cancer treaments, what is combination therapy?

A

the amalgamation of therapeutic agents in order to enhanceefficacy of drugs at killing cancer cells.

23
Q

What type of therapy amalgamates therapeutic agents in order to enhance ef the drugs?

A

combination therapy

24
Q

In the context of cancer treaments, what is mult-modal therapy?

A

Therapy which combines more than one method of treatment

25
Q

What type of therapy combines multiple methods of treatment?

A

multi-modal therapy

26
Q

What is Cell cycle specific chemotherapy?

A

Cancer killing drugs which targets cancer cell which are dividing

27
Q

What type of chemo targets cancer cells when they are dividing?

A

cell-cycle specific

28
Q

What is Cell cycle phase specific chemotherapy?

A

Chemotherapy which targets going through a specific phace with the cell division cycle.

29
Q

What type of tumors is cell-cycle phase specific chemotherapy effective on?

A

It is most effective against tumours that have a large proportion of cells actively moving through the cell cycle and cycling at a fast rate

30
Q

What is Cell cycle non- specific chemotherapy?

A

Chemo which targets cancer cells regardless of what phase of cell division they are in.

31
Q

What type of chemo targets cancer cells regardless of what phase of cell division they are in/

A

Cell cycle non- specific chemotherapy

32
Q

What type of chemo are effective on slow growing tumours?

A

Cell cycle non- specific chemotherapy

33
Q

What type of tumors is cell-cycle non specific chemotherapy effective on?

A

slow growing tumours

34
Q

What type of chemo is effctive on tumours that have a large proportion of cells actively moving through the cell cycle and cycling at a fast rate?

A

cell cycle specific chemo

35
Q

What are the aims of combining cytotoxic chemotherapy

A
  • Enhance the cytotoxic effect of each agent
  • Ensure a broader range of coverage
  • Prevent single agent high dose toxicity
  • To reduce chances of multi-drug resistance

• Give better response rates and long term
remission (cancer-free)

36
Q

Why do we schedule chemotherapy into regular treatment cycles?

A

Allows the cancer cells to be attacked at their most vulnerable times, and allows the body’s normal cells time to recover from the damage.

37
Q

Why are there so many side-effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy?

A

It is a combination of several different cytotoxic drug, each with it’s own side effects

38
Q

What factors affect severity of chemotherapy side-effects?

A 
Specific chemotherapeutic agent
• Dose
• Administration schedule
• Route of administration
• Patient genetic factors
• Pre-existing illnesses
39
Q
  1. What is bone marrow suppression?
A

The reduced production of leukocytes, erythrocytes and blood clotting factors - all of which are integral for immunity

Year 2: Pharmacology for nursing practice (13 decks)

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