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SBL > Cancer Pharm > Flashcards

Cancer Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

adenoma

A

tumors that start in the epithelial tissue of a gland

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2
Q

fibroids

A

made of connective tissue, often form in the uterus, can lead to bleeding, bladder problems and pelvic pain

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3
Q

lipoma

A

formed by fat cells, most common benign tumors

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4
Q

meningioma

A

develop in the brain and spinal cord membranes, commonly benign

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5
Q

nevi

A

typically known as moles and appear on the skin

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6
Q

oncogene

A

mutated form of a gene involved in normal cell growth

structurally and functionally heterogeneous group of genes

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7
Q

PDGF-β

A

platelet-derived growth factor-beta
proto-oncogene: PDGFB
mode of activation: overexpression
associated tumor: astrocytoma

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8
Q

fibroblast growth factors

A

HST1: overexpression, osteosarcoma
FGF3: amplification, stomach/bladder/breast cancer, melanoma

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9
Q

TGF-α

A

transforming growth factor alpha
TGFA, overexpression
astrocytomas

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10
Q

HGF

A

hepatocyte growth factor, aka “scatter factor”

overexpression, hepatocellular carcinomas

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11
Q

growth factor receptors, RAS, PI3K, MYC, and D cyclins

A

oncoproteins that are activated by mutations in various cancers

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12
Q

GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)

A

apply brakes to RAS activation

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13
Q

phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)

A

applies breaks to PI3K activation

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14
Q

BCR-ABL

A

target of imatinib

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15
Q

p53

A

important at G1/S and G2/M checkpoints

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16
Q

restriction point

A

G1 phase cell cycle checkpoint at which the cell becomes “committed” to the cell cycle
after this extracellular signals are no longer required to stimulate proliferation

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17
Q

phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) gene protein

A

occurs in nucleus
unphosphorylated Rb inhibits E2F-mediated transcription
pRb –> E2F mediated transcription of cyclins A & E

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18
Q

overactive CDKs and underactive CKIs lead to

A

decrease stringency of constriction point

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19
Q

activation of normal p53 by DNA-damaging agents or by hypoxia leads to

A

cell cycle arrest in G1 and induction of DNA repair by transcriptional upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A (encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21) and GADD45 genes

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20
Q

TP53 gene –> p53 protein

A

guardian of the genome

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21
Q

more energy obtained from glycolysis, less from

A

O2 consumption if cells or growing and/or cancerous –> Warburg effect

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22
Q

3 IDH isoforms in humans

A

mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase gene IDH1 found in several brain tumors
mutations of IDH2 and IDH1 were found in up to 20% of cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

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23
Q

2-hydroxyglutarate

A

oncometabolite

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24
Q

Wnt

A

gate keeper of colonic neoplasia

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25
Q

E-cadherin sequesters

A

β-catenin

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26
Q

curative surgery

A

removes cancerous tumor or growth
used when tumor is localized
often considered primary treatment but may have radiation before/after

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27
Q

preventative surgery

A

removes tissue that does not contain cancerous cells, but may develop into a malignant tumor (e.g., colon polyps)

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28
Q

diagnostic surgery

A

samples tissue for pathologist to determine if cells are cancerous and then type+/-stage if cancerous

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29
Q

staging surgery

A

works to uncover the extent of cancer by , for example, via laparoscopy and biopsy

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30
Q

debulking surgery

A

removes a portion of a cancerous tumor when all cannot be removed with hope that radiation or chemotherapy can treat the rest

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31
Q

palliative surgery

A

used to relieve discomfort the cancer or its treatment efforts may have created

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32
Q

supportive surgery

A

helps other cancer treatments work more effectively (eg, insertion of catheter)

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33
Q

restorative surgery

A

used to change or restore a person’s appearance or the function of a body part (e.g., breast reconstruction after breast cancer, mouth reconstruction after oral cancer)

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34
Q

cryosurgery

A

surgery technique that uses extremely cold temperatures (eg, liquid nitrogen or “cryoprobe”) to kill cancer cells, most often for skin cancer or cervical cancer

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35
Q

laser surgery

A

uses laser beams to precisely remove very small cancers (w/o damaging surrounding tissue), to shrink or destroy tumors, or to activate drugs to kill cancer cells
can be used to treat body areas that are difficult to reach including the skin, cervix, rectum, and larynx

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36
Q

electrosurgery

A

uses electrical current to kill cancer cells, sometimes used for skin or oral cancer

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37
Q

microscopically controlled surgery

A

used for surgery with delicate parts of the body (eg, eye) where layers of tissue are carefully removed until cancerous cells cannot be detected

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38
Q

radiation therapy

A

one of the most common treatments for cancer
given to >1/2 of people with cancer
not useful if cancer has spread to multiple sites

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39
Q

radiation therapy mechanism

A

uses high-energy particles or waves, such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams or protons –> small breaks in DNA
impairs cell growth and division –> cell death
cure or shrink early-stage cancers as these tend to be very sensitive to radiation
used in effort to prevent cancer from recurring elsewhere

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40
Q

radiation therapy given as

A 
external beam radiation focused on tumor
internal radiation (brachytherapy) where a radioactive source is put into/near the tumor
systemic radiation … eg, by attaching radionuclide to monoclonal antibody that targets the cancer cells
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41
Q

brachytherapy

A

internal radiation where a radioactive source is put into or near the tumor

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42
Q

external beam radiation therapy

A

most often X-rays

ionizing radiation causes breaks in the DNA, including double-stranded breaks

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43
Q

brachytherapy

A 
radioactive sources (ie, “seeds”) placed in intimate contact with the cancerous tumor or gland to cause breaks in the DNA, including double-stranded breaks
can be “low-dose” over 1-7 d, “high-dose” over 10-20 min repeated over a few weeks or permanent
these patients emit radiation
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44
Q

only cell cycle independent agents mess with DNA structure

A

alkylating agents, platinum compounds: cross-link DNA

anthracyclines, tiactinomycin: DNA intercalators

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45
Q

bleomycin: DNA strand breakage

A

selectively toxic in G2and M phases… seems to rely on chelation of iron –> ROS –> DNA breaks

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46
Q

interfere with DNA function

A

etoposide/teniposide: inhibits topiosomerase II

irinotecan/topotecan: inhibits topiosomerase I

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47
Q

cancer drugs are highly toxic and are routinely administered based on ____

A

body surface area

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48
Q

classic chemotherapy resistance

A

mediated by ATP-binding cassette superfamily protein ABCB1 (aka MultiDrugResistance1)

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49
Q

ABCB1

A

codes for xenobiotic pump phenolic glycoprotein (P-gp)

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50
Q

other cancer cell fortress against drugs

A 
up-reg drug detox mechanisms (CYP450)
reduced apoptosis
altered proliferation
increased DNA damage repair
altered drug targets
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51
Q

MDR1 Transporter (ABCB1) roles

A

helps rid body of waste (liver –> small intestine, kidney)

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52
Q

antitumor antibiotics

A

bleomycin
dactinomycin
anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin)

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53
Q

bleomycin

A

antitumor antibiotic
mechanism: induces free radical formation, G2/M phase specific
use: testicular cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma
adverse effects: pulmonary fibrosis, skin hyperpigmentation

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54
Q

dactinomycin

A

antitumor antibiotic

mech: intercalates into DNA, prevent RNA synthesis
use: Wilms tumor, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
adverse: myelosuppression

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55
Q

anthracyclines 2

A

doxorubicin

daunorubicin

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56
Q

anthracyclines

A

antitumor antibiotic

mech: generate free radicals, inhibits topiosomerase II
use: solid tumors, leukemias, lymphomas
adverse: dilated cardiomyopathy, myelosuppression

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57
Q

antimetabolites

A 
thiopurines (azathioprine, mercaptopurine)
cladribine, pentostatin
cytarabine (ara-C)
5-fluorouracil
hydroxyurea
methotrexate
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58
Q

thiopurines: azathioprine, mercaptopurine

A

antimetabolite

mech: purine (thiol) analogs –> decrease de novo purine synthesis
use: RA, IBD, SLE, ALL, prevention of organ rejection
adverse: myelosuppression, GI/liver toxicity, increase toxicity with allopurinol or febuxostat

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59
Q

cladribine and pentostatin

A

antimetabolites

mech: purine analogs lead to multiple mech
use: hairy cell leukemia
adverse: myelosuppression

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60
Q

cytarabine (ara-C)

A

antimetabolite

mech: pyrimidine analog –> DNA termination, inhibit DNA polymerase
use: leukemias (AML), lymphomas
adverse: myelosuppression

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61
Q

5-fluorouracil

A

antimetabolite

mech: pyrimidine analog bioactivated to 5-dUMP –> thymidylate synthase inhibition –> decrease DNA synthesis
use: colon/pancreatic cancers, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma
adverse: myelosuppression, hand-foot syndrome

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62
Q

hydroxyurea

A

antimetabolite

mech: inhibits ribonucleotide reductase –> decrease DNA synthesis
use: myeloproliferative disorders (CML, polycythemia vera), sickle cell disease
adverse: severe myelosuppression, megaloblastic anemia

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63
Q

methotrexate

A

antimetabolite

mech: folic acid analog, completely inhibits dihydrofolate reductase –> decrease dTMP and decrease DNA synthesis
use:
cancers: leukemias (ALL), lymphomas, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma
nonneoplastic: ectopic pregnancy, medical abortion (with misoprostol), RA, psoriasis, IBD, vasculitis
adverse: myelosuppression (reversible with leucovorin “rescue”), liver toxicity, mucositis, pulmonary fibrosis, folate def.

64
Q

alkylating agents

A 
busulfan
nitrogen mustards: cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide
nitrosoureas: carmustine, lomustine
procarbazine
temozolomide
65
Q

busulfan

A

alkylating agent

mech: cross-links DNA
use: ablate bone marrow before transplant
adverse: severe myelosuppression, pulm fibrosis, hyperpigmentation

66
Q

nitrogen mustards

A

cyclophosphamide

ifosfamide

67
Q

nitrogen mustards: cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide

A

alkylating agent

mech: cross-links DNA, require liver bioactivation
use: solid tumors, leukemia, lymphomas, rheumatic diseases (SLE, granulomatosis with polyangiitis)
adverse: myelosuppression, SIADH, Fanconi syndrome (ifo), hemorrhagic cystitis, bladder cancer (prevent with mensa))

68
Q

nitrosoureas

A

carmustine

lomustine

69
Q

nitrosoureas: carmustine, lomustine

A

alkylating agent

mech: cross-link DNA, require liver bioactivation, *crosses blood-brain barrier
use: brain tumors
adverse: CNS toxicity (convulsions, ataxia, dizziness)

70
Q

procarbazine

A

alkylating agent

mech: unknown, weak MAO inhibitor
use: Hodgkin lymphoma, brain tumors
adverse: myelosuppression, pulm toxicity, leukemia, disulfiram-like reaction

71
Q

temozolomide

A

alkylating agent

mech: DNA methylation
use: glioblastoma multiforme
adverse: myelosuppression

72
Q

platinum compounds

A

cisplatin
carboplatin
oxaliplatin

73
Q

cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin

A

platinum compounds

mech: cross-link DNA
use: solid tumors (testicular, bladder, ovarian, GI, lung), lymphomas
adverse: nephrotoxicity (Fanconi syndrome- prevent with amifostine**), peripheral neuropathy, ototoxicity

74
Q

amifostine

A

cytoprotective adjuvent

mech: detoxify reactive platinum metabolites
use: cancer chemo/radiotherapy involving DNA-binding chemotherapeutic agents

75
Q

microtubule inhibitors (all M phase specific)

A

taxanes: docetaxal, paclitaxel

vinca alkaloids: vincristine, vinblastine

76
Q

taxanes: docetaxal, paclitaxel

A

microtubule inhibitor

mech: prevent breakdown of polymerized microtubules
use: various tumors (ovarian and breast carcinomas)
adverse: myelosuppression, neuropathy, hypersensitivity

77
Q

taxanes

A

docetaxel

paclitaxel

78
Q

vinca alkaloids

A

vincristine

vinblastine

79
Q

vinca alkaloids: vincristine, vinblastine

A

microtubule inhibitor
mech: bind beta-tubulin to inhibit microtubule polymerization
use: solid tumors, leukemias, Hodgkin & non-Hodgkin lymphomas
adverse:
vincristine –> neural toxicity, peripheral neuropathy, constipation
vinblastine –> myelosuppression

80
Q

topiosomerase inhibitors

A

all lead to increased DNA degradation

cell cycle arrest in S and G2 phases

81
Q

topiosomerase inhibitors

A

irinotecan, topotecan

etoposide, teniposide

82
Q

irinotecan, topotecan

A

topiosomerase inhibitor

mech: inhibits topiosomerase I, cuts one strand spins DNA around covalent bond
use: colon, ovarian, small cell lung cancers
adverse: severe myelosuppression, diarrhea

83
Q

etoposide, teniposide

A

topiosomerase inhibitor

mech: inhibits topiosomerase II, cuts both strands simultaneously spins, re-ligates with energy from ATP hydrolysis
use: testicular cancer, small cell lung cancer, leukemia, lymphoma
adverse: myelosuppression, alopecia

84
Q

cisplatin, carboplatin

A

ototoxicity

nephrotoxicity

85
Q

vincristine

A

peripheral neuropathy

86
Q

bleomycin, busulfan

A

pulmonary fibrosis

87
Q

doxorubicin, daunorubicin

A

cardiotoxicity

88
Q

trastuzumab

A

cardiotoxicity

89
Q

cyclophosphamide

A

hemorrhagic cystitis

90
Q

common toxicities of almost all cytotoxic chemotherapies

A

myelosuppression
GI toxicity (N/V, mucositis)
alopecia

91
Q

myelosuppression

A

neutropenia
anemia
thrombocytopenia

92
Q

chemotoxicity amelioration drugs

A 
amifostine
dexrazoxane
leucovorin
mesna
rasburicase
ondanstetron, granisetron
prochlorperazine, metoclopramide
aprepitant, fosaprepitant
filgrastim
sargramostim
epoetin alfa
93
Q

amifostine

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: free radical scavenger
use: nephrotoxicity from platinum compounds

94
Q

dexrazoxane

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: iron chelator
use: cardiotoxicity from anthracyclines

95
Q

leucovorin

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: tetrahydrofolate precursor
use: myelosupp from methotrexate (“leucovorin rescue”), enhances effects of 5-FU

96
Q

mesna

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: sulfhydryl compound that binds acrolein of nitrogen mustards
use: hemorrhagic cystitis from cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide

97
Q

rasburicase

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: recombinant uricase that catalyzes metabolism of uric acid to allantoin
use: tumor lysis syndrome

98
Q

ondansetron, granisetron

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: 5-HT3 receptor antagonist
use: acute N/V after chemotherapy ( in 1-2 hrs)

99
Q

prochlorperazine, metoclopramide

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: D2 receptor antagonist
use: acute N/V after chemotherapy (in 1-2 hrs)

100
Q

aprepitant, fosaprepitant

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: NK1 receptor antagonists
use: delayed N/V after chemotherapy (>24 hrs)

101
Q

filgrastim

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: recombinant G-CSF
use: neutropenia

102
Q

sargramostim

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: recombinant GM-CSF
use: neutropenia

103
Q

epoetin alfa

A

chemotoxicity amelioration drug

mech: recombinant erythropoietin
use: anemia of chronic kidney disease

104
Q

why use combination chemotherapy

A

drugs administered hopefully synergize at drug target while having off-target toxicities distributed so that adverse impacts are diminished

105
Q

CHOP or R-CHOP

A 
R = rituximab
C = cyclophosphamide
H = doxorubicin hydrochloride (Hydroxydaunomycin)
O = vincristine sulfate (Oncovin)
P = prednisone
106
Q

(+/- R) CHOP used to treat

A

non-hodgkin lymphoma

+ R if B cell derived

107
Q

ABVD

A 
A = doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin)
B = bleomyicn
V = vinblastine sulfate
D = dacarbazine
108
Q

ABVD used to treat

A

Hodgkin lymphoma

109
Q

BEP

A 
B = bleomycin
E = etoposide phosphate
P = cisplatin (Platinol)
110
Q

BEP used to treat

A

ovarian germ cell tumors

testicular germ cell tumors

111
Q

FOLFIRI, FOLFIRINOX, FOLFOX

A 
FOL = leucovorin (FOLinic acid)
F = fluorouracil
IRI(N) = irinotecan
OX = oxaliplatin
112
Q

FOLFIRI used to treat

A

colorectal cancer

113
Q

FOLFIRINOX, FOLFOX used to treat

A

pancreatic cancer

114
Q

selective estrogen receptor modulator

A

tamoxifen

115
Q

tamoxifen

A

selective estrogen receptor modulator

mech: antagonist in breast tissue, blocks estrogen binding to ER in ER+ cancer cells
use: prevention/tx of breast cancer, prevention of gynecomastia in patients receiving anti-androgen prostate cancer therapy
adverse: hot flashes, increase risk thromboembolic events, increase risk endometrial cancer

116
Q

GnRH, anti-GnRH and anti-androgens

A

leuprolide, goserelin
degarelix
abirataterone
flutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide

117
Q

leuprolide, goserelin

A

GnRH, anti-GnRH and anti-androgens

mech: GnRH agonist, given continuosly –> GnRH receptor down-reg in pituitary
use: prostate cancer
adverse: flare-up, hypogonadism, decrease libido, ED, N/V

118
Q

degarelix

A

GnRH, anti-GnRH and anti-androgens

mech: GnRH antagonist
use: prostate cancer
adverse: hot flashes, liver toxicity

119
Q

abirataterone

A

GnRH, anti-GnRH and anti-androgens

mech: decrease androgen synthesis
use: prostate cancer
adverse: hypertension, hypokalemia (due to increase mineralcorticoids)

120
Q

flutamide, bicalutamide, enzalutamide

A

GnRH, anti-GnRH and anti-androgens

mech: non-steroidal competitive inhibitors at androgen receptors
use: prostate cancer
adverse: gynecomastia, sexual dysfunction

121
Q

enzalutamide

A

GnRH, anti-GnRH and anti-androgens
broader action
competitive inhibitor plus prevents translocation of androgen receptor to nucleus and in nucleus inhibits AR binding to DNA

122
Q

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

A

neutralize extracellular targets and/or promote immune system recognition –> elimination by macrophages

123
Q

anticancer monoclonal antibodies drug names

A 
alemtuzumab
bevacizumab
cetuximab
rituximab, obinutumab
trastuzumab, pertuzumab
pembrolizumab, nivolumab
atezolizumab
ipilimumab
124
Q

alemtuzumab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

target: CD52
use: CLL, multiple sclerosis
adverse: ↑ risk of infection and autoimmunity

125
Q

bevacizumab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

target: VEGF
use: colorectal cancer, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, angioproliferative retinopathy
adverse: hemorrhage, blood clots, impaired wound healing

126
Q

cetuximab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

target: EGFR
use: metastatic colorectal cancer, head & neck cancer
adverse: rash, ↑ liver function tests, diarrhea

127
Q

rituximab, obinutuzumab

A

target: CD20 on mature B cells
use: non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CLL, RA, ITP, TTP, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, multiple sclerosis
adverse: infusion reaction

128
Q

obinutuzumab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

fully humanized, less glycosylated → ↑ ability to activate NK cells

129
Q

trastuzumab, pertuzumab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

target: HER2
use: breast cancer, gastric cancer
adverse: dilated cardiomyopathy (often reversible)

130
Q

pembrolizumab, nivolumab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

target: PD-1
use: various including NSCLS, RCC, melanoma, urothelial carcinoma
adverse: ↑ risk of autoimmunity

131
Q

atezolizumab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

target: PD-L1
use: various including NSCLS, RCC, melanoma, urothelial carcinoma
adverse: ↑ risk of autoimmunity

132
Q

ipilimumab

A

anticancer monoclonal antibodies

target: CTLA-4
use: various including NSCLS, RCC, melanoma, urothelial carcinoma
adverse: ↑ risk of autoimmunity

133
Q

checkpoint inhibitors

A

pembrolizumab, nivolumab
atezolizumab
ipilimumab
very important class of anti-cancer drugs, active against multiple tumors

134
Q

side effects of checkpoint inhibitors

A

common/mild: diarrhea, N, fatigue, cough, rash, poor appetite, constipation, muscle/joint pain
more serious: infusion reactions and autoimmune reactions

135
Q

antibody-drug conjugates formation

A

linking monoclonal antibodies with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic drugs
antibody selectivity → targeted drug delivery to tumor cells sparing healthy cells: ↑ efficacy, ↓ toxicity
ex: ado-trastuzuMAB emtansine (T-DM1) for HER2+ breast cancer

136
Q

CAR T-Cell Therapy mechanism

A

customized to each patient
collect T-cells from patient → re-engineer to produce chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) → CARs recognize/bind specific Ags on cancer cells → revamped T-cells are infused back into patient → CAR T-cells continue to multiply and recognize/kill cancer cells that have target on cell surface

137
Q

CAR T-Cell adverse effects

A

tumor lysis syndrome
cytokine release syndrome (managed with steroids, tocilizumab blocks IL-6 activity also helps)
neurologic effects: severe confusion, seizure-like activity, impaired speech (responds to steroids but not tocilizumab)

138
Q

currently approved CAR T-cell drugs

A

all end in “-leucel”

139
Q

anticancer small molecule inhibitors

A 
imatinib
ruxolitinib
bortezomib
vemurafenib
palbociclib
olaparib
140
Q

imatinib

A

anticancer small molecule inhibitor

target: BCR-ABL
use: CML, ALL, GI stromal tumor
adverse: myelosuppression, ↑ LFTs, edema, myalgies

141
Q

ruxolitinib

A

anticancer small molecule inhibitor

target: JAK1/2
use: polycythemia vera
adverse: bruises, ↑ LFTs

142
Q

bortezomib

A

anticancer small molecule inhibitor

target: proteasome
use: multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma
adverse: peripheral neuropathy, herpes zoster reaction

143
Q

vemurafenib

A

anticancer small molecule inhibitor

target: BRAF (V600E mutation)
use: melanoma, often co-admin with MEK inhibitors
adverse: rash, fatigue, N, diarrhea

144
Q

palbociclib

A

anticancer small molecule inhibitor

target: CDK 4/6 (induces arrest at G1-Sphase)
use: breast cancer
adverse: myelosuppression, pneumonitis

145
Q

olaparib

A

anticancer small molecule inhibitor

target: poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) → ↓ DNA repair
use: breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate cancers
adverse: myelosuppression, edema, diarrhea

146
Q

anti-cancer top sellers not in First Aid

A

lenalidomide
ibrutinib
daratumumab
ventoclax

147
Q

lenalidomide

A

anti-cancer top seller
#1 top selling drug
mech: thalidomide analog, multiple mech
know for: causing phocomelia when used to treat morning sickness in pregnancy
use: multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndromes, mantle cell lymphoma
adverse: potentially severe anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, DVT, PE

148
Q

ibrutinib

A

anti-cancer top seller

mech: bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor
use: CLL, mantle cell lymphoma, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
adverse: mild diarrhea, URI, bleeding, fatigue

149
Q

daratumumab

A

anti-cancer top seller

mech: binds CD38 → apoptosis
use: multiple myeloma (CD38 overexpression)
adverse: many - cough, URI, anemia, fatigue, N, peripheral neuropathy

150
Q

ventoclax

A

anti-cancer top seller

mech: blocks anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein → apoptosis of CLL cells
use: CLL, SLL, AML
adverse: neutropenia, tumor lysis syndrome, URI, fatigue, diarrhea

151
Q

hyperthermia to treat cancer

A

local, regional, or whole-body
local: small tumor - radiofrequency ablation
regional: isolated blood supply not hot enough to destroy tissue but to augment effects of chemo/radiation
whole-body: ↑ body temp with blankets, warm-water immersion to augment effects of chemo for metastatic cancer

152
Q

photodynamic therapy to treat cancer

A

photosensitizing agents injected into bloodstream/absorbed in skin then activated by local light
works as well as surgery/radiation for some cancers
no long-term side effects, less invasive, short time, precise targeting, same site can receive tx many times, little to no scarring, costs less
only works if: visible light can reach cancer (5-10 mm), its localized
pt hypersensitive to light, can’t use if pt has porphyria

153
Q

stem cell transplant to treat cancer

A

replace bone marrow cells that have been destroyed by cancer (leukemias, lymphomas, myeloma) OR destroyed by the chemo/radiation
names of tx: bone marrow transplant, peripheral blood stem cell transplant, cord blood transplant

154
Q

autologous stem cell transplant

A

stem cells come from patient themselves

neg: may collect cancer cells and/or cancer cells able to escape patient’s immune system again

155
Q

allogenic stem cell transplant

A

stem cells taken from another person
graft can target cancer but can also target healthy cells (graft-vs-host disease) needing immunosuppressive drugs → infections

SBL (5 decks)

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