Cancer nutrition

Question 1

What are ecological and migrant studies?

Answer 1

Geographic studies of people

Question 2

What are case-control studies?

Answer 2

Study patients with and without cancer and look at differences in their pasts

Question 3

What are prospective cohort studies?

Answer 3

Follow study participants and see which ones develop cancer

Question 4

What are randomized-control studies?

Answer 4

Give people randomized diet plans and see who develops cancer

Question 5

What are meta-analyses?

Answer 5

Mathematically combine multiple studies

Question 6

What four cancers are more common in affluent countries?

Answer 6

(1) Lung
(2) Colorectal
(3) Breast
(4) Prostate

Question 7

What five cancers are more common in poor countries?

Answer 7

(1) Gastric
(2) Liver
(3) Oral cavity
(4) Esophagus
(5) Uterine cervix

Question 8

What decreases risk for colorectal cancer?

5

Answer 8

Physical activity

(2) Dietary fiber
(3) Garlic
(4) Milk
(5) Calcium

Question 9

What increases risk for colorectal cancer?

6

Answer 9

(1) Processed meat
(2) Red meat
(3) Alcohol
(4) High body fat
(5) Abdominal fatness
(6) Height

Question 10

What increases and decreases risk for premenopausal breast cancer?

Answer 10

Decrease: lactation, body fatness
Increase: alcohol, height, high birth weight

Question 11

What increases and decreases risk for postmenopausal breast cancer?

Answer 11

Decrease: lactation, physical activity
Increase: alcohol, height, body fatness, abdominal fatness, adult weight gain

Question 12

What increases and decreases risk for prostate cancer?

Answer 12

Decrease: foods containing lycopene
Increase: high diet calcium

Question 13

What effect do milk and dairy products have on cancer risk in men?

Answer 13

Decrease: colorectal cancer
Increase: prostate cancer

Question 14

How can patients reduce their risk of developing cancer?

8

Answer 14

(1) Be lean without being underweight
(2) Be physically active for 30 min per day
(3) Avoid sugary drinks
(4) Eat more veggies and fruits
(5) Limit consumption of red meats
(6) Limit consumption of alcohol
(7) Limit salt intake
(8) Dont use supplements to protect against cancer

Question 15

What cancers does tallness increase risk for?

5

Answer 15

(1) Colorectal
(2) Postmenopausal breast
(3) Pancreas
(4) Ovary
(5) Premenopausal breast

Question 16

What cancers does exercise reduce risk for?

Answer 16

(1) Colon
(2) Postmenopausal breast
(3) Endometrial

Question 17

What cancers can vegetable and fruit consumption reduce risk for?

Answer 17

(1) Mouth
(2) Esophagus
(3) Stomach

Question 18

What cancer does red meat consumption increase risk for?

Answer 18

Pancreatic

Question 19

What cancer does high salt intake increase risk for?

Answer 19

Stomach cancer

Question 20

What cancer does β-carotene increase risk for?

Answer 20

Lung cancer

Question 21

What cancer does calcium reduce risk for?

Answer 21

Colon cancer

Question 22

What did the EPIC study investigate and find?

Answer 22

(1) The effect of 7 recommendations to reduce cancer
(2) The study found that every recommendation followed reduced risk for total cancers, especially colorectal and stomach
(3) Prostate, ovarian, pancreatic, and bladder cancers were unaffected

Question 23

What changes in the a cancer patient’s rules of healthy eating?

Answer 23

Priority is weight management/stabilization/gain

Question 24

How should diet be changed to suit cancer patients?

Answer 24

(1) Limit beverages with meals - fluid between meals instead
(2) Increase fiber intake
(3) Increase caloric content of food
(4) Small, frequent foods to address early satiety

Good diet management leads to better outcomes

Question 25

What is the obesity paradox in cancer patients?

Answer 25

Obesity increases risk for developing cancer but also leads to greater survival

Question 26

What guidelines should cancer survivors follow?

Answer 26

(1) Maintain healthy weight
(2) Exercise frequently
(3) Maintain good diet