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YEAR 3 HEALTH AND SOCIETY > CANCER NETWORKS + SERVICES > Flashcards

CANCER NETWORKS + SERVICES Flashcards

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1
Q

What are examples of different organisations involved in cancer care?

A

National Health service
Cancer research UK
Macmillan cancer support
Public Health England
NHS England
Cancer Alliances
Strategic Clinical networks

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2
Q

What are cancer networks?

A

Groups of healthcare professionals, patients and commissioners who work together to improve cancer care in specific geographic area

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3
Q

What are the different types of cancer networks?

A

Strategic clinical networks - regional networks
Cancer alliances - in a specific area

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4
Q

What is the role of strategic clinical networks?

A

Role: regional networks that bring together healthcare professionals, patients, and other stakeholders to improve the quality, safety, and efficiency of healthcare services within a specific clinical area i.e. cancer. SCNs are intended to facilitate collaboration, knowledge sharing, and innovation across healthcare organizations and specialties, and to help reduce variation in care.

Roles
- coordinate care
- improve pt outcomes
- reduce variation in care
- promote research and innovation
- develop and implement service improvement plans
- develop guidelines and protocols

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5
Q

What is the role of cancer alliances?

A

Role: to improve cancer services and outcomes in a specific geographic area
- develop and implement cancer strategies to improve services and outcomes
- improve early diagnosis
- reduce variations in care
- improve pt experience
- promote research and innovation

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6
Q

What are cancer centres? What are some of their important roles?

A

Cancer centres are specialised facilities that provide cancer treatment, research and education
They are large, multi-disciplinary institutions that offer a range of cancer services
They are usually designed by NHS and are staffed by highly trained specialist healthcare professionals
They play an important role in research abd education as they conduct clinical trials to develop new treatment and therapies for cancer, and they provide training and education to HCP to ensure they have the skills and knowledge to provide high-quality cancer care

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7
Q

What are the pros and cons of concentrating specialist cancer care in dedicated cancer centres?

A

Pros:
- expertise -highly specialised and experienced HCP
- Comprehensive care due to wide range of services available
- Multidisciplinary approach - ensures pt receives the most appropriate treatment
- research and innovation - pt have acces to latest treatment and therapies
- more cost effective for resources to be centralised

Cons:
- accessibility - often in large cities so pt may have to travel long distances
- overcrowding - long wait times
- fragmented care - receive care from multiple healthcare providers that may be in different locations. Pt may have to coordinate their own care which can be confusing and overwhelming
- cost - significant investment in resources, buildings, maintaining centres
- some hospitals will be neglected in resources and so pt recieve worse care

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8
Q

Explain the process of cancer registration in the UK?

A
  1. Identification of cancer cases
  2. Data collection and recorded in central database
  3. Quality control
  4. Data analysis to produce stats on cancer incidence, survival and mortality rates
  5. Data sharing - informs cancer policy, provides information to public and HCP, supports research
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9
Q

Explain how cancer registration is used to improve cancer care and outcomes?

A

Planning and allocation - Data can be used to identify areas where incidence of specific cancers is higehr than expected and where resources may need to be allocated better

Evaluation of cancer control programmes - evaluates effectiveness of cancer control programs

Research - data is vital for research

Quality improvement - can be used to monitor and improve quality of cancer care

Patient care - can improve pt care by providing info on types of cancers, stages of disease and treatments available

Monitors trends on incidence, survival, variations between areas and social groups

Emulates effectiveness of screeningprogrammes

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10
Q

Discuss the role of national institute for health and care research?

A

A UK based organisation established in 2001 with the aim of improving cancer research. It used to be known as the national clinical research network.
Aim 0- to create common plans for cancer research and avoid unnecessary duplication of studies
It’s main aim is supporting the devivery of clinical trials
- developing research protocols
- providing funding for cancer trials
- supports recruitment of pt for clinical trials
- provides training for staff
- supports data management

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11
Q

Discuss the role of the National cancer research institute (NCRI)?

A

a UK-wide partnership between government, charity, and industry stakeholders involved in cancer research.
Aim - improve infrastructure within NHS for clinical research in cancer
The NCRI’s mission is to coordinate and facilitate collaboration between different organizations involved in cancer research, to help maximize the impact of cancer research efforts in the UK.

  • sets research priorities for improving cancer prevention, diagnosis and treatment
  • coordinating research efforts i.e. ensures resources are used effectively and avoids duplication of effort
  • supports research infrastructure
  • translates research into clinical practice
  • increases speed of research
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12
Q

Why was the national cancer research network created?

A

In response to a need for a coordinated and efficient approach to cancer research
Before the creation of the NCRN there was a lack of coordination and collaboration in cancer clinical trials which made it difficult to conduct large-scale studies that could lead to significant improvements in cancer care

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13
Q

Outline the 3 broad categories for quality measures? Link this to cancer care

A

Structure - These measure the resources, facilities, and systems in place to provide cancer care, such as the availability of specialist staff, equipment, and facilities. For example, a structure measure for cancer services might be the number of oncologists or radiotherapy machines available in a particular area.

Process - These measure the steps taken in the delivery of cancer care, such as diagnostic tests, treatment plans, and follow-up care. For example, a process measure for cancer services might be the proportion of patients who receive timely cancer treatments after diagnosis.

Outcome - These measure the results or effects of cancer care on patients’ health and wellbeing, such as survival rates, quality of life, and symptom relief. For example, an outcome measure for cancer services might be the percentage of patients who achieve a five-year survival rate following treatment.

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14
Q

Discuss the range of psychological support services available for cancer services in the UK?

A

Macmillan
NHS psychological therapies
Cancer support services
Online support services
Hospices
Private counselling and therapy

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15
Q

What are the potential psychological consequences of cancer?

A

Anxiety and depression - may have concerns about treatment or SE. May have worries about the unknown future
PTSD
Body image issues - loss of hair, scars, change in body shape
Fatigue - can impair ADLs and QOL
Cognitive changes - ‘chemo brain’
Social isolation

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16
Q

What is the NHS long term plan ambitions for cancer?

A

By 2028, 55,000 more people each year will survive their cancer for 5 years or more
By 2028, 75% of people with cancer will be diagnosed at an early stage (i.e. stage 1 or 2)

17
Q

What was the Independant Cancer Taskforce?

A

A strategy established by NHS in 2015 to improve cancer care and outcomes
It was set up in response to growing number of cancer cases and concerns about quality of cancer care and outcomes. It’s goal was to develop as strategy that would help the NHS improve cancer prevention, earlier diagnosis, treatment, and care, and ensure that patients have the best possible outcomes.
The report set out an ambitious plan to transform cancer care in England, with a focus on improving early diagnosis, increasing access to innovative treatments, and providing better support for cancer patients.

The taskforce was asked to deliver the vision set out in the NHS Five Year Forward View.

18
Q

What is the NHS 5 year forward view?

A

A plan developed by the NHS in 2014 with a focus to improve healthcare outcomes, increase efficiency and ensure the NHS is sustainable long term

Key priorities
- prevention
- earlier diagnosis
- integration of health and social care to provide more coordinated services
- patient centred care
- investment in technology
- Innovation
- Improving efficiency and productivity to ensure the NHS remains sustainable in the long term
- Supporting those living with and beyond cancer

19
Q

Whats the role of Macmillan Cancer Support?

A

It is a leading UK charity that provides support and care for people affected by cancer. The charity was established in 1911, and has since grown to become one of the largest cancer charities in the world.

The role of Macmillan is to support people affected by cancer, from the moment of diagnosis through to treatment and beyond. This support includes:
- information and advice
- practical support
- emotional support
- campaigning and advocacy
- funding research

Overall, the role is to provide holistic support to people affected by cancer with a focus on improving their quality of life and otucomes

20
Q

What is the role of Cancer Research?

A

It is a charity that aims to fund research into cancer, with the ultimate goal of improving outcomes for people affected by the disease. Some of the specific roles of Cancer Research UK include:
- funding research
- raising awareness
- advocacy and policy
- supports patient and families through information, advice, emotional support and financial assistance

21
Q

What was the Calman-Hine Report?

A

It is a pivotal report commissioned by the UK government in 1994 to review and make recommendations for the provision of cancer services in the UK. The report highlighted an unacceptable variation in quality of treatment between hospitals and so there was the need for a coordinated and integrated approach to cancer care. It proposed a new model of care that aimed to provide patients with high-quality, patient-centered care that is accessible, timely and delivered in a coordinated way across the cancer pathway.

The Calman Hine report recommended the establishment of cancer networks, with the aim of improving the quality of care by bringing together healthcare professionals from primary, secondary, and tertiary care, and enhancing communication and collaboration between them. It also proposed the establishment of specialist cancer centers that would provide high-quality, multidisciplinary care, and the implementation of quality assurance programs to ensure that all aspects of care meet high standards.

The report was instrumental in shaping cancer services in the UK and has been influential in guiding the development of cancer care policies and strategies worldwide.

22
Q

Outline the hierarchy structure of cancer services?

A

Primary care: This is the first point of contact for most patients and includes GPs, community nurses and pharmacists. They are responsible for identifying potential cases of cancer, making referrals to specialists and providing ongoing support for patients with cancer.
Secondary care: This level of care is provided by hospital-based clinicians and teams, including specialist nurses, radiologists, pathologists, and oncologists. Secondary care providers are responsible for diagnosing cancer, staging the disease, developing treatment plans and providing care for patients.
Tertiary care: This level of care is provided by specialist cancer centers, which offer advanced diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, as well as access to clinical trials. Tertiary care providers are responsible for the most complex and difficult cases of cancer, often involving multidisciplinary teams of experts.

23
Q

Why is the hierarchal structure of cancer services so good?

A

It allows patients to receive high-quality care that is appropriate for their individual needs. By organizing cancer services in this way, patients have access to a range of different services and specialist care at various levels of the system, from their GP or local hospital to regional cancer centers and national specialist centers.

The hierarchical structure also allows for a coordinated approach to cancer care, with different levels of the system working together to ensure that patients receive the best possible treatment and support. This includes ensuring that patients are referred to the appropriate level of care based on their individual needs, and that their care is managed and monitored effectively throughout their journey.

Furthermore, the hierarchical structure facilitates the sharing of knowledge and expertise across the system, which can help to drive innovation and improve outcomes for patients

24
Q

What is the EUROCARE study?

A

European Cancer Registry
A large collaborative study that focuses on monitoring and improving the quality of cancer care in Europe
It collects and analyses data on cancer pt across Europe with a particular focus on the 5 most common cancers: breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian and prostate

The study aims to identify trends and patterns in cancer care across Europe and to identify areas for improvement in cancer prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
It identified that thr UK had one of the worst survival statistics in Europe

25
Q

What are some reasons why the UK has some of the worst survival statistics in Europe?

A

Differences in a data collection
UK has an older population
Pt present later in UK
Lower social classes have less access to services
Poor access to treatment
Lack of public awareness on cancer symptoms
Underfunding of healthcare compared to other countries

26
Q

What was the outcome of the calman-hine report?

A

Formation of cancer networks and 3 levels of care:
- primary care for prevention and early diagnosis
- cancer unit to treat common cancers and make diagnoses
- cancer centres for are cancers or complex cases

27
Q

What is the cancer reform strategy 2007?

A

UK government initiative in response to concerns about cancer survival rates in the UK being lower than many other European countries

28
Q

What are the aims of the Cancer Reform Strategy?

A

Prevention
Early diagnosis
Treatment being better (reducing wait times)
Living with and beyond cancer
Inequality reduction
Delivering care in most appropriate settings (locally for pt convenience but centralised if it improves quality of care)

29
Q

What are the differences between x survival rates?
1. Relative
2. Observed
3. Net survival
4. Crude survival

A
  1. Survival compared with people without illness
  2. Actual number following observational period
  3. Probability of surviving cancer in absence of other illness
  4. Probability of death from cancer in presence of other causes of death
30
Q

What is The Destruction of Assumptive World Theory?

A

A psychological theory that explains how individuals cope with traumatic events that challenge their core beliefs and assumptions about the world.

Individuals hold certain assumptions/beliefs about themselves, others and the worlds around them which provides them with a sense of stability, predictability and meaning to their lives. When a traumatic event occurs that contradicts these assumptions, individuals experience a “shattering” of their assumptive world which makes them feel overwhelmed, confused and disorientated. Individuals respond in different ways e.g. some may become stuck in their trauma unable to move on whilst others may be able to rebuild ther assumptive world by revising them assumptions or finding new meaning in the expre nice

31
Q

Whats the most common cancer in the UK?

A

Breast cancer 15%
Prostate 14%
Lung 13%
Bowel 11%

32
Q

What are the biggest cancer killers?

A

Lung
Bowel
Female breast
Prostate
Pancreas

33
Q

Outline current incidence changes in cancer rates?

A

Cervical cancer decreasing - ?screening
Stomach cancer decreasing - ?imrpovements in food preservations and smoking
Hodgkin lymphoma - ?improvements in treatment
Testicular cancer - ?greater awareness and early detection
Lung cancer decreasing - ?reduction in smoking
Melanoma increasing ?holidays abroad

34
Q

What are the most common childhood cancers?

A

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia most common
Leukaemias >brain/CNS > lymphomas

YEAR 3 HEALTH AND SOCIETY (14 decks)

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