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EXMD 504 > cancer immunology > Flashcards

cancer immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is used in the basics of immunology

A

inbred mice for 20 generations

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2
Q

what are tsta

A

tumor specific transplatation antigens

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3
Q

how does tumor transplantation work

A

you take a tumor and you induce it in the mice
-take out the tumor
-cut it into lil pieces and give it to the mice
-it will survive

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4
Q

what is putitative

A

generally considered or reputed to be

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5
Q

what is coley’s toxin

A

basically a mix of attenuated bacteria that he injected in patients that had neck and head tumors and he observed a regression of the tumor that he said was cured

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6
Q

cancer vaccines had what in them

A

it involved exposure of patients own lymphocytes and or dendritic cells to her tumor cells after removal of that tumor at surgery

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7
Q

what was hoped with cancer vaccines

A

that such exposure would then further stimulate an expand the already putitatively cancer activated debdritic cells and or t lymphocytes
-these cells were then reinfused into the patients often with significant regressionb of the tumor

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8
Q

name one cancer vaccine

A

dendreons provenge which has been employed in the treatment of prostate cancer with some success

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9
Q

who and when discovered humoral antibodies

A

in the 70’s kohler and milstein

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10
Q

what is one of the most successful monoclonal antibody therapies

A

herceptin
widely used in her2 positive breast cancers

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11
Q

what is rituximab

A

-monoclonal anti b cd20 lymphocyte antibody
-used with significant success in b cell leukemias and lymphomas

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12
Q

is pro-inflammatory cytokines a sly for cancer treatment in nivo

A

it fucks u up

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13
Q

Which cytokines are used in cancer therapy

A

-infa, tnf1 and il2

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14
Q

whar does the in vitro thing do for cytokine treatmnet of cancer

A

avoids the significant adverse side effects seen in vivo therapy by expanding the putative anti tumor t cell population which is then re-infused into the patient

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15
Q

what are the molecules used in checkpoint inhibition blockade

A

ctla4 and pd1

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16
Q

what happens in checkpoint inhibition blockade?

A

hese molecules normally interfere with the
activation linkage that occurs between dendritic cells and CD4-positive helper T
(Th) cells that initiate immune reactivity. Hence, by using monoclonal
antibodies against either CTLA4 or PD1, any ongoing anti-tumour immune
response is allowed to go forward without inhibition.

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17
Q

what does ipilimumab block

A

-it blocks ctla4 which usually blocks co stimulation

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18
Q

what is a bispecific t cell engager

A

basically hald an antibody that binds to cd3 and the cea

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19
Q

true or false: engineered cart t cells are expensive

A

true, it’s super expensive because they are engineered for the person

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20
Q

what is the poliovirus cancer treatment

A

-pvs ripo

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21
Q

what does pvs ripo do

A

it has been shown to infect glioblastoma tumors through cd155/necl5 binding (oncofetal molecule), signaling the immune system to destroy the tumor

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22
Q

what is an oncofetal molecule

A

it is a molecule that is supposed to only be present when you are a kid but is present when you have a cabncer ex: cea or afp

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23
Q

what are the 3 tumor markers

A

-out of place
-out of wack
-out of time

24
Q

example of out of place

A

-paraneoplastic syndromes ex: acth and adh
-chromosomal translocation

25
Q

example of out of wack

A

over production ex: m peak of multiple myeloma

26
Q

what are tumot specific antigens

A

they appear on the surface of most and perhaps all cancer cells as a consequence of the malignant transformation

27
Q

application of tumor markers

A

detection
diagnosis
monitoring
classification
staging
pathology
localization
therapy

28
Q

deficiencies in early immunologic studies

A

-lack of adequate control tissues leading to the inability to differenciate tumor specific from individual specific antigens aka allogens
-production of antihumor antisera by only one technique aka antiserum absorbtion
-only one or 2 procedures were employed for the demonstration of tumor specific antigens

29
Q

correcting the deficiencies

A

-the study of colorectal cancers where both tumor and normal tissues could be obtained from the same patients
-the production of antitumor antisera by the use of both: immunologic tolerance and immunologic absorbtion
-the use of multiple procedures to detect antitumor antibodies ex: immunoprecipitation. passive hemagglutination, immunofluorescent labeling and immunoelectrophoresis

30
Q

what is the tolerance technique

A

inject in rabbit normal bowel tissue extract
-inject sane patient just cancer bowel tissue 3 months later
-bleeding for tumor specific antiserum

31
Q

what is the absorbtion technique

A

-inject patient sick tissue in bunny
-bleed for anti tumor antiserum
-put the normal tissue extract in the anti tumor antiserum

32
Q

how were cea names

A

-they analized tissues from the colon cancer
-some constituents found in fetal and embryonic gut/pancreas/liver in the first 2 trimesters of gestatoon
-so they called it carcinoembryonic antigens

33
Q

who identified cea and when

A

phil gold and samuel freedman in 1965

34
Q

true or false: most science in cancerbiology is reproducible

A

false it is not

35
Q

what is the reproducibility project aka with jocelyn kaiser

A

it is a an ambitious ooen science effort to test if the key findings in top journals can be reproducible and everyone agreed that it was not reproducible

36
Q

true or false: there is more cea in cancer

A

true

37
Q

what is the chemistry of the cea molecule

A

-molecular mass 180 kd
-carbohydrate side chains constitute over 50% of the molecular mass with 28 potential N linked glycosylation sites
-a membrane glycoprotein probably membrane anchored rather than transmembrane in nature

38
Q

cea: -carbohydrate side chains constitute over 50% of the molecular mass with … potential N linked glycosylation sites

A

28

39
Q

who made the monoclonal antibody technology

A

kohler and milstein
basically you fuse b lymphocytes with myeloma cells and you get hybrids and then you get monoclonal antibodies

40
Q

what is the consensus conference on cea epitopes

A

-9 major epitope of either peptide or glycopeptide structure
-cea is one of a family of molecules ceacam

41
Q

what is the structure of the immunoglobulin like superfamily if ceacam genes

A

3 large amino acids stuck together

42
Q

how many genes in the cea gene family

A

29
18 active and 11 pseudogenes in 2 cluster at chromosome 19q13.1

43
Q

what are the primary functions of cea

A

-intercellular adhesion: reciprocal 2 point adhesion, interaction with integrins and fibronectins
-adhesion between bowel cell mucus-bacterial surfaces
-activity in stem cell maturation-positive or negative

44
Q

true or false: many of the 18 active genes code for adhesion molecules ceacams with one function

A

false iut is with varying functions for different members in a myriad of ideas of areas like function in metastasis, insulin metabolism and apoptosis

45
Q

what is the number of cea bound to an antibody with the standard cea

A

when you have a ratio abpve 10

46
Q

true or false: cea is tumor associated not tumor specific, since it is founbd in small amounts in normal tissues

A

true

47
Q

true or false: cea is a screening test

A

false it is not a screening test since elevated but stable, blood levels may be found in a variety of inflammatory

48
Q

elevated and rising levels of cea are found not only in….

A

gastrointestinal cancers but may be found in 70% of all human cancers

49
Q

asco guidelines for colorectal cancer

A

-useful giude for pre op staging, surgicalplanning and chemotherapy
-quaterly monitoring for 3 years for patients with dukes stages 2 and 3 of colorectal cancer who have had surgery or chemotherapy

50
Q

national comprehensive cancer network

A

-serial testing for 5 years in patients with T2 or higher disease if patient may be candidate for resection or isolated metastases in the future
-the pattern of cea decline post op an indicator for the need of adjuvant chemotherapy or second look surgery

51
Q

5 years prospective study- pre operative cea levels us a….

A

predictor of subsequent disease free interval

52
Q

true or false: cea is an independant pronostic factor

A

true

53
Q

major roles in monitoring, staging and pronostic of cea

A

-asco guidelines for colorectal cancer
-national comorehensive cancer network
-american joint comission on cancer

54
Q

what is the role of carcino embryonic antigen

A

aid in management and pronostic used in immuno assays and is fda approved

55
Q

cea as a target

A

-1. Radioactive monoclonal anti-CEA therapy (RAIT) +/- chemotherapy (e.g. prior to hepatic metastasis resection)
2. Pentacea (bispecific anti-CEA and radioactive molecular receptor) in lung cancer
3. Vaccinia virus/Fowlpox-CEA/MUC1 immunization +/- B7.1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3 (TRICOM)
4. Anti-CEA antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT)

56
Q
A

EXMD 504 (12 decks)

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