cancer immunology

Question 1

what is used in the basics of immunology

Answer 1

inbred mice for 20 generations

Question 2

what are tsta

Answer 2

tumor specific transplatation antigens

Question 3

how does tumor transplantation work

Answer 3

you take a tumor and you induce it in the mice
-take out the tumor
-cut it into lil pieces and give it to the mice
-it will survive

Question 4

what is putitative

Answer 4

generally considered or reputed to be

Question 5

what is coley’s toxin

Answer 5

basically a mix of attenuated bacteria that he injected in patients that had neck and head tumors and he observed a regression of the tumor that he said was cured

Question 6

cancer vaccines had what in them

Answer 6

it involved exposure of patients own lymphocytes and or dendritic cells to her tumor cells after removal of that tumor at surgery

Question 7

what was hoped with cancer vaccines

Answer 7

that such exposure would then further stimulate an expand the already putitatively cancer activated debdritic cells and or t lymphocytes
-these cells were then reinfused into the patients often with significant regressionb of the tumor

Question 8

name one cancer vaccine

Answer 8

dendreons provenge which has been employed in the treatment of prostate cancer with some success

Question 9

who and when discovered humoral antibodies

Answer 9

in the 70’s kohler and milstein

Question 10

what is one of the most successful monoclonal antibody therapies

Answer 10

herceptin
widely used in her2 positive breast cancers

Question 11

what is rituximab

Answer 11

-monoclonal anti b cd20 lymphocyte antibody
-used with significant success in b cell leukemias and lymphomas

Question 12

is pro-inflammatory cytokines a sly for cancer treatment in nivo

Answer 12

it fucks u up

Question 13

Which cytokines are used in cancer therapy

Answer 13

-infa, tnf1 and il2

Question 14

whar does the in vitro thing do for cytokine treatmnet of cancer

Answer 14

avoids the significant adverse side effects seen in vivo therapy by expanding the putative anti tumor t cell population which is then re-infused into the patient

Question 15

what are the molecules used in checkpoint inhibition blockade

Answer 15

ctla4 and pd1

Question 16

what happens in checkpoint inhibition blockade?

Answer 16

hese molecules normally interfere with the
activation linkage that occurs between dendritic cells and CD4-positive helper T
(Th) cells that initiate immune reactivity. Hence, by using monoclonal
antibodies against either CTLA4 or PD1, any ongoing anti-tumour immune
response is allowed to go forward without inhibition.

Question 17

what does ipilimumab block

Answer 17

-it blocks ctla4 which usually blocks co stimulation

Question 18

what is a bispecific t cell engager

Answer 18

basically hald an antibody that binds to cd3 and the cea

Question 19

true or false: engineered cart t cells are expensive

Answer 19

true, it’s super expensive because they are engineered for the person

Question 20

what is the poliovirus cancer treatment

Answer 20

-pvs ripo

Question 21

what does pvs ripo do

Answer 21

it has been shown to infect glioblastoma tumors through cd155/necl5 binding (oncofetal molecule), signaling the immune system to destroy the tumor

Question 22

what is an oncofetal molecule

Answer 22

it is a molecule that is supposed to only be present when you are a kid but is present when you have a cabncer ex: cea or afp

Question 23

what are the 3 tumor markers

Answer 23

-out of place
-out of wack
-out of time

Question 24

example of out of place

Answer 24

-paraneoplastic syndromes ex: acth and adh
-chromosomal translocation

Question 25

example of out of wack

Answer 25

over production ex: m peak of multiple myeloma

Question 26

what are tumot specific antigens

Answer 26

they appear on the surface of most and perhaps all cancer cells as a consequence of the malignant transformation

Question 27

application of tumor markers

Answer 27

detection diagnosis monitoring classification staging pathology localization therapy

Question 28

deficiencies in early immunologic studies

Answer 28

-lack of adequate control tissues leading to the inability to differenciate tumor specific from individual specific antigens aka allogens -production of antihumor antisera by only one technique aka antiserum absorbtion -only one or 2 procedures were employed for the demonstration of tumor specific antigens

Question 29

correcting the deficiencies

Answer 29

-the study of colorectal cancers where both tumor and normal tissues could be obtained from the same patients -the production of antitumor antisera by the use of both: immunologic tolerance and immunologic absorbtion -the use of multiple procedures to detect antitumor antibodies ex: immunoprecipitation. passive hemagglutination, immunofluorescent labeling and immunoelectrophoresis

Question 30

what is the tolerance technique

Answer 30

inject in rabbit normal bowel tissue extract -inject sane patient just cancer bowel tissue 3 months later -bleeding for tumor specific antiserum

Question 31

what is the absorbtion technique

Answer 31

-inject patient sick tissue in bunny -bleed for anti tumor antiserum -put the normal tissue extract in the anti tumor antiserum

Question 32

how were cea names

Answer 32

-they analized tissues from the colon cancer -some constituents found in fetal and embryonic gut/pancreas/liver in the first 2 trimesters of gestatoon -so they called it carcinoembryonic antigens

Question 33

who identified cea and when

Answer 33

phil gold and samuel freedman in 1965

Question 34

true or false: most science in cancerbiology is reproducible

Answer 34

false it is not

Question 35

what is the reproducibility project aka with jocelyn kaiser

Answer 35

it is a an ambitious ooen science effort to test if the key findings in top journals can be reproducible and everyone agreed that it was not reproducible

Question 36

true or false: there is more cea in cancer

Answer 36

true

Question 37

what is the chemistry of the cea molecule

Answer 37

-molecular mass 180 kd -carbohydrate side chains constitute over 50% of the molecular mass with 28 potential N linked glycosylation sites -a membrane glycoprotein probably membrane anchored rather than transmembrane in nature

Question 38

cea: -carbohydrate side chains constitute over 50% of the molecular mass with ... potential N linked glycosylation sites

Answer 38

28

Question 39

who made the monoclonal antibody technology

Answer 39

kohler and milstein basically you fuse b lymphocytes with myeloma cells and you get hybrids and then you get monoclonal antibodies

Question 40

what is the consensus conference on cea epitopes

Answer 40

-9 major epitope of either peptide or glycopeptide structure -cea is one of a family of molecules ceacam

Question 41

what is the structure of the immunoglobulin like superfamily if ceacam genes

Answer 41

3 large amino acids stuck together

Question 42

how many genes in the cea gene family

Answer 42

29 18 active and 11 pseudogenes in 2 cluster at chromosome 19q13.1

Question 43

what are the primary functions of cea

Answer 43

-intercellular adhesion: reciprocal 2 point adhesion, interaction with integrins and fibronectins -adhesion between bowel cell mucus-bacterial surfaces -activity in stem cell maturation-positive or negative

Question 44

true or false: many of the 18 active genes code for adhesion molecules ceacams with one function

Answer 44

false iut is with varying functions for different members in a myriad of ideas of areas like function in metastasis, insulin metabolism and apoptosis

Question 45

what is the number of cea bound to an antibody with the standard cea

Answer 45

when you have a ratio abpve 10

Question 46

true or false: cea is tumor associated not tumor specific, since it is founbd in small amounts in normal tissues

Answer 46

true

Question 47

true or false: cea is a screening test

Answer 47

false it is not a screening test since elevated but stable, blood levels may be found in a variety of inflammatory

Question 48

elevated and rising levels of cea are found not only in....

Answer 48

gastrointestinal cancers but may be found in 70% of all human cancers

Question 49

asco guidelines for colorectal cancer

Answer 49

-useful giude for pre op staging, surgicalplanning and chemotherapy -quaterly monitoring for 3 years for patients with dukes stages 2 and 3 of colorectal cancer who have had surgery or chemotherapy

Question 50

national comprehensive cancer network

Answer 50

-serial testing for 5 years in patients with T2 or higher disease if patient may be candidate for resection or isolated metastases in the future -the pattern of cea decline post op an indicator for the need of adjuvant chemotherapy or second look surgery

Question 51

5 years prospective study- pre operative cea levels us a....

Answer 51

predictor of subsequent disease free interval

Question 52

true or false: cea is an independant pronostic factor

Answer 52

true

Question 53

major roles in monitoring, staging and pronostic of cea

Answer 53

-asco guidelines for colorectal cancer -national comorehensive cancer network -american joint comission on cancer

Question 54

what is the role of carcino embryonic antigen

Answer 54

aid in management and pronostic used in immuno assays and is fda approved

Question 55

cea as a target

Answer 55

-1. Radioactive monoclonal anti-CEA therapy (RAIT) +/- chemotherapy (e.g. prior to hepatic metastasis resection) 2. Pentacea (bispecific anti-CEA and radioactive molecular receptor) in lung cancer 3. Vaccinia virus/Fowlpox-CEA/MUC1 immunization +/- B7.1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3 (TRICOM) 4. Anti-CEA antibody directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT)