Cancer Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention: Management and prevention part Flashcards
What cancers are local therapy candidates that can be completely excised out?
1) Sarcomas
2) Non-melanoma skin cancer
3) In situ carcinomas
What is adjuvant therapy for cancers?
Surgical removal of the cancer followed by chemo and/or radiation therapy
What is neoadjuvant therapy for cancers?
Chemo and/or radiation therapy followed by surgical removal and then more chemo and/or radiation therapy
When is surgery not indicated for cancer treatment?
1) Metastatic cancer
2) Leukemia/lymphoma
A linear accelerator delivering direct radiation to affected sites is the mechanism of what radiation therapy?
External Beam radiation
When is IMRT (intensity modulated radiotherapy) used?
When you want the radiation on the tumor and to avoid surrounding area
What radiation therapy is a very localized high-dose therapy delivered continuously for a prolonged time through implanted devices?
Brachytherapy
What radiation therapy is used to treat thyroid cancers?
Systemic iodide radionuclides
Why is palliative radiation therapy used in spinal metastasis?
Used for ENT carcinoma?
Used for tumors in Pelvic sidewall?
1) Prevent cord compression
2) Prevent suffocation
3) Prevent pain
What antigen is attacked for B cell Lymphomas?
What is the recombinant antibody used for tx?
1) CD20
2) Rituximab
What do you use if PD-1 or CTLA on tumor cells diminish the patients tumor immunity?
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
What type of therapy uses T cells that are manipulated ex vivo to express a binding domain for a tumor-associated antigen with a transmembrane domain and an intracellular signaling domain that intensifies the immune attack against tumor cells?
CAR-T therapy
When is stem cell transplantation from the bone marrow indicated?
1) Hematopoietic neoplasms
2) Advanced solid tumors needing high dose cytotoxic chemotherapy
What type of stem cell transplantation is from someone else?
From an identical twin?
From oneself?
1) Allogenic
2) Syngeneic
3) Autologous
What type of cancer often uses autologous stem cell transplantation?
Myeloma
Why is CA-125 ultimately not effective for screening malignant ovarian tumors?
It’s not specific for ovarian cancer and by the time CA-125 is positive, many tumors were beyond cure
In high risk individuals what are some ways to prevent ovarian cancer?
1) Bilateral ovaries and fallopian tubes removed
2) Distal fallopian tubes removed (opportunistic salpingectomy)
What is the problem with serum prostate-specific antigen testing for prostate cancer?
What is the problem with digital rectal exams for prostate cancer?
1) It tests for many benign and inflammatory conditions as well
2) Identifies tumors after they are advanced
What is the gold standard for cervical cancer screening and prevention?
Why is it so effective?
1) Pap smear
2) It can ID precancerous lesions
What are some patient education tips for a breast self-exam?
1) Check the axilla
2) Look for skin changes
3) Avoid checking prior/during menstrual cycles
In individuals that are BRCA positive, what are some preventative measure?
1) Double mastectomy
2) Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
3) Hormone therapy
Why is a colonoscopy the best tool for colon carcinoma prevention?
1) Ability to check patients for precancerous polyps
2) Ability to remove those polyps before they invade
With lung carcinoma prevention, a low-dose annual CT is recommended for?
1) Current smokers
2) 30-pack-year history of smoking
3) Those who only quit smoking in the past 15 years
What is the screening tool for endometrial cancers?
Self-reporting vaginal bleeding for postmenopausal women
What is the main prevention tool for cervical cancers?
HPV vaccine
