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Cancer > Cancer Biology 1 - Types of Cancer, Mutations and Viral Oncogenesis > Flashcards

Cancer Biology 1 - Types of Cancer, Mutations and Viral Oncogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cancer

A

Abnormal growth of cells in an uncontrolled way that can spread of metastasise into other tissues

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours?

A

Benign and Malignant Tumours

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3
Q

What are Benign Tumours?

A

Benign tumours are abnormal growths that are no longer under normal regulation

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4
Q

What are Malignant Tumours?

A

Poorly differentiated cells, growing in a rapid, disorganised manner and can invade surrounding tissues and are become metastatic (initiating the growth of similar tumours in distant organs).

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of cancers based on cell origin?

A
  1. Carcinomas
  2. Sarcomas
  3. Lymphomas
  4. Leukaemias
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6
Q

Which is the most common type of cancer and what’s its percentage rate?

A
  • Carcinomas (85%)
  • Carcinomas cancer arises from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces
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7
Q

What are the 4 most frequent Carcinomas Cancers?

A
  • Lung
  • Breast
  • Colon
  • Adenocarcinoma (Glandular epithelial tissue)
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8
Q

What percentage of Cancers are Sarcomas

A

12%

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9
Q

From which cells does Sarcomas Cancer originate from?

A

From cells found in the supporting tissues of the body (mesenchymal layer-derived) such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle. It is highly malignant.

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10
Q

What percentage of Cancers for Lymphomas and Leukaemia’s make up?

A

3%

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11
Q

What is Lymphoma?

A

Lymphomas are cancers that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body immune system (B, T and NK cells) that can spread to intestine, spinal cord, bone or brain.

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12
Q

What is Leukaemia?

A

Leukaemia is cancer of immature white blood cells that proliferate in the bone marrow and accumulate in the bloodstream.

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13
Q

What 5 factors is staging of cancer based on?

A
  • Site of primary tumour
  • Tumour size
  • How far it has invaded into local tissues and structures
  • Whether it has spread to regional lymph nodes
  • Whether it has metastasised to other regions of the body
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14
Q

What is Grading in Cancer

A
  • Based on differences in microscopic cellular appearance, doctors assign a numerical “grade” to most cancers.
  • A low number grade (Grade I or II) refers to cancers with fewer cell abnormalities that those with higher grades (Grade III or IV)
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15
Q

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process resulting from the ______________ ____ ____________

A

Accumulation of mutations

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16
Q

Normal cells evolve into cancer cells through what process?

A

Tumour Progression

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17
Q

What is Tumour Progression driven by?

A

It is driven by a series of random mutations and epigenetic alteration (changes in DNA methylation) of DNA that affects the genes controlling proliferation and survival.

18
Q

Viruses can also cause cancer. True or False

A

True

19
Q

What are the 2 viral mechanisms of carcinogenesis?

A

Indirect and Direct

20
Q

All tumour viruses probably present direct and indirect mechanisms. True or False

A

True

21
Q

Which virus family does the virus EBV belong to?

A

Herpesviridae

22
Q

Which virus family does the virus HTLV-I belong to?

A

Retroviridae

23
Q

Which virus family does the virus HHV-8d belong to?

A

Herpesviridae

24
Q

Which virus family does the virus HBV belong to?

A

Hepadnaviridae

25
Q

Which virus family does the virus HCV belong to?

A

Flaviviridae

26
Q

Which virus family does the virus HPV belong to?

A

Papovaviridae

27
Q

Which virus family does the virus JCVe belong to?

A

Papovaviridae

28
Q

Which cells are infected by the EBV virus?

A

B cells, Oropharyngeal epithelial cells, lymphoid cells

29
Q

Which cells are infected by the HTLV-I virus?

A

T cells

30
Q

Which cells are infected by the HHV-8d virus?

A

Endothelial cells

31
Q

Which cells are infected by the HBV virus?

A

Hepatocytes

32
Q

Which cells are infected by the HCV virus?

A

Hepatocytes

33
Q

Which cells are infected by the HPV virus?

A

Cervical epithelial

34
Q

Which cells are infected by the JCVe virus?

A

Cells in the Central Nervous System

35
Q

What are 4 causes DNA mutations?

A
  1. Mistakes in DNA replication
  2. Nucleotides within DNA molecules undergo chemical changes spontaneously
  3. Effect of mutagenic agents
  4. Viruses
36
Q

What are the 2 types of mutagenic agents?

A
  1. Physical agents (X-rays, UV rays etc)
  2. Chemical agents (Vinyl chloride, nitrosamines etc)
37
Q

Name 3 DNA viruses

A

HBV, EBV, HPV

38
Q

Can one mutation cause cancer? yes or no

A
  • No - Many mutations are required for cancer
  • Cancer is a multi-step process
  • 3-20 mutations are required to develop cancer
39
Q

What is Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of cells but all cells exhibit normal regulatory control mechanisms.

40
Q

What is Neoplasia?

A

After dysplasia and metaplasia (cells become another less differentiated cell) ; neoplastic growth is rapid and results in a tumour, metastasis and acquisition of more mutations.

Cancer (9 decks)

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