Cancer as a Disease – Breast Cancer Flashcards
What is special about the breast as an organ?
It’s the only organ that develops after birth
Where do the vast majority of breast cancers originate?
Luminal epithelium of the breast (> 90%)
Describe the two layers of epithelial cells in the mammary gland.
Luminal epithelium
Myoepithelium
What is found between the tubules in the mammary gland?
Fatty stromal cells
What is special about the myoepithelial cells?
They have a contractile property, thus can squeeze the luminal epithelial cells when full of milk globules in lactation
Where are oestrogen receptors expressed in the breast?
ONLY expressed by luminal cells
Not all luminal cells express oestrogen receptors (only ~ 10)
Describe the response to oestrogen in a normal breast.
Response to oestrogen is to stimulate growth
Cells that express oestrogen receptors do NOT grow in response to oestrogen
Act as a beacon + produce growth factors that stimulate the growth of nearby cells
How is the response to oestrogen different in breast cancer?
Cells displaying oestrogen receptors directly respond to oestrogen as a growth factor + stimulate their own growth
What is the difference between lobular and medullary carcinoma?
Lobular: tumour has some resemblance of the architecture of the gland (tubules of some form)
Medullary: tumour cells don’t look anything like the epithelial cells from the mammary gland
What specific type of breast cancer accounts for almost 85% of breast cancers?
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
What percentage of breast cancers is ER positive?
80%
State 7 risk factors for breast cancer.
Early age of onset of menstruation Late age to menopause Age to 1st full-time pregnancy Some contraceptive pills Some HRT Obesity Diet
Where is the oestrogen receptor normally located?
Cytosolic receptor
Bound to a heatshock protein
What happens when oestrogen binds to ER?
Oestrogen binds to ER + then 2 ERs dimerise + translocate to the nucleus (with oestrogen bound)
Dimer binds to oestrogen response elements in the DNA sequence + regulates transcription
What are the 4 most important target genes for the ER transcription factor?
Progesterone receptor
Cyclin D1
c-myc
TGF-alpha
Why does high dose therapy with synthetic oestrogens cause breast tumour regression in post-menopausal women with breast cancer?
High-dose therapy overstimulates the hormonal system leading to downregulation of ER so the cells are no longer responsive to oestrogen
How does the presence of ER affect prognosis?
GOOD prognosis in women
Worse prognosis in male breast cancer
What are three methods of reducing oestrogen action in the breast?
Ovarian suppression
Blocking oestrogen production by enzymatic inhibition
Inhibiting oestrogen responses