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Cancer and oncology Flashcards

1
Q

proliferation

A

rapid reproduction of cells

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2
Q

differentiation

A

the process of cells becoming specialized

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3
Q

benign tumor

A

slow growing tumor that does not invade nearby tissue

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4
Q

malignant tumor

A

rapidly growing uncontrolled tumor

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5
Q

resection

A

the surgical removal of a tumor

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6
Q

neoadjuvant

A

first step treatment given before resection

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7
Q

adjuvant

A

treatment given after resection to suppress secondary tumors

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8
Q

remission

A

no evidence of disease on tests and scans

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9
Q

sanguineous

A

bloody drainage

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10
Q

incidental diagnosis

A

discovered unintentionally during other testing

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11
Q

carcinoma

A

cancer that begins in epithelial tissue (outer layer of tissue gut/skin rapidly dividing cells)

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12
Q

cancer

A

broad range of diseases caused by uncontrolled division of abnormal cells
can arise in any cell of the body
cells lose control over proliferation and differentiation
proliferation in cancer is indiscriminate and continuous

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13
Q

stem cell theory

A

cancer is the result of mutations in the DNA sequence which are then replicated (DNA-RNA-protein)

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14
Q

what do abnormal cells do?

A

form tumors, invade surrounding tissue then metastasize (spread to other areas)

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15
Q

what kinds of oncologists are there and what do they do?

A

oncology- the study of cancer and tumors
medical oncologist- utilize treatments like chemotherapy
radiation oncologist- utilize radiation therapy
surgical oncologist- do biopsies then refer to the others or preform resections and treatment pre and post surgery

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16
Q

*what is the patient trajecectory? starting with initial discovery

A

initial discovery->evaluation by physician (PCP or oncologist)-> Biopsy for microscopic evaluation -> “extent of disease” work up-> neoadjuvant therapy-> resection -> adjuvant therapy-> remission

17
Q

What are risk factors for cancer?

A

age- 90% >50 y/o
genetic make up- germline mutations p53 and BRCA 1/2 ( increase risk of breast and ovary)
lifestyle- tobacco, sun exposure, chemicals
viral infection- HPV, EBV, HBV, HCV, HIV

18
Q

how is cancer discovered?

A

routine screenings and incidental finding are preferred b/c cancer is caught before it is symptomatic
or discovered through symptoms

19
Q

examples of routine screenings

A

mammogram of the breast, skin check, prostate exam, colonoscopy, endoscopy, chest x ray
biopsy is the only definitive test for cancer
other screenings are PET scan, tumor markers, western blot

20
Q

incidental discovery

A

occurs when a tumor is found during testing for some other purpose

21
Q

possible symptoms

A

breast- mass/lump on clinical exam or self exam, breast pain, abnormal sanguineous nipple discharge
prostate- pain/difficulty urinating or incontinence
skin- unusual growth or change in existing mole
GI- N/V loss of appetite, bloody stools, jaundice
lung- cough/chest pain, weight loss
Blood- dizziness, fatigue, weakness, weightloss

22
Q

After a tumor is suspected, what’s next?

A

breast- mammogram or ultrasound of the breast, breast biopsy
prostate- PSA blood test/ prostate biopsy
skin- biopsy of abnormal area
GI- CT abd, endoscopy or colonoscopy, biopsy of upper or lower GI tract
lung- chest XR or chest CT, lung biopsy
Blood- CBC, bone marrow biopsy

23
Q

types of biopsy

A

FNAB- fine needle aspiration biopsy, thin needle draws tissue up from mass
CNB- core needle biopsy, larger needle draws up cores of tissue from mass
surgical biopsy- incisional removes part, excisional removes all
skin punch biopsy- circular blade takes full thickness of area of skin
bone marrow biopsy- large needle takes cylindircal core sample

24
Q

naming cancer

A

based on anatomic location and the cancer type

carcinomas are most common and originate in epithelial cells

25
Q

what is done in “extent of disease” work up?

A

after the biopsy, oncologist will preform additional testing to determine the stage of cancer and appropriate treatment

26
Q

what is the order of cancer progression?

A

benign tumor- fast dividing, localized mass
in situ cancer- pre cancer, stage 0, cancer hasn’t invade surrounding tissue or spread
primary cancer- where the first occurrence of the cancer was discovered
invasive cancer-begun to spread to surrounding tissue
metastatic cancer- cancer has spread to other parts of body

27
Q

what is TMN staging?

A

T- size of primary tumor, 1->4 (sm to big)
M- whether metastasis has occured, 0 to 4 (anything besides 0 is yes)
N- spread to nearby lymph nodes, 0 to 4 (anything besides 0 is yes)

28
Q

performance status

A

well being and ability to perform daily tasks
0= normal functioning
3= probably about to go to the hospital
4= death bead tubes and medicine

29
Q

goals of neoadjuvant therapy

A

to make an inoperable tumor operable

to lessen the extent of surgery, increasing the chance of success

30
Q

systemic therapy

A

oral or IV bloodstream therapy to treat cells of whole body
chemotherapy (stops replication of cells but not targeted), hormone therapy (inhibitor), biological or immunotherapy (antibodies bind, immune boosters fight the cancer cells

31
Q

radiation therapy

A

damages DNA with xrays or gamma rays
brachytherapy- radiation delivered internally
teletherapy- delivered externally

32
Q

other types of therapy

A

angiogenesis inhibition- inhibits blood flow to tumor
monoclonal antibody- antibody attached to chemo drug to target
BMT- bone marrow transplant
PSCT- peripheral stem cell transplant

33
Q

types of remission

A

partial remission- cancer has decreased in size or extent, patient may take a break from treatment under close monitoring
complete remission- testing shows no evidence of cancer

34
Q

ongoing surveillance

A

ongoing testing for detection of cancer progression or recurrence will depend on the type extent and treatment of cancer
check less often as time goes on in remission

35
Q

Recurrence

A

return of caner after at least one year of non-detection, if sooner than it is progression
test if its same as orig. or new primary
either local, regional (lymph node near the location it began) or distant recurrence

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