Cancer and genomic medicine

Question 1

The abnormal division and reproduction of cells that can spread throughout the body

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

Genetic factors + environmental factors are called:

Answer 2

Carcinogenes

Question 3

Epithelial cells, solid tumors

Answer 3

carcinomas

Question 4

muscular or connective tissue

Answer 4

sarcoma

Question 5

leukemias, lymphomas and myelomas affects the:

Answer 5

Blood cells

Question 6

Neuroblastomas and gliomas affects the

Answer 6

nerve cells

Question 7

Carcinogenesis

Answer 7

-Genetic material (mutations)
-Division at higher rate
-Clonal division
-New mutations
-Tumor immunovigilance
-Neoplasia

Question 8

Driver mutations are linked to:

Answer 8

Development/Progression of cancer

Question 9

Driver mutations are found at higher frequencies in:

Answer 9

In the same type or even across different types of cancer

Question 10

Example of a driver mutation:

Answer 10

TP53 gene encoding for the p53 protein

Question 11

Passenger mutations

Answer 11

Inferred to develop as the neoplasia progresses

Question 12

______ accounts for the majority of mutations in cancer

Answer 12

Passenger mutations

Question 13

Most types of cancer are _____ and are caused by ______.

Answer 13

sporadic and caused by somatic mutations

Question 14

Only ____ of cancer cases result from a germline mutation.

Answer 14

about of 10%

Question 15

_____ is caused by environmental exposure to unknown factors

Answer 15

sporadic cancer

Question 16

No pattern of inheritance, higher frequency than expected

Answer 16

Familiar cancer

Question 17

A pattern of inheritance is observable, younger individuals affected

Answer 17

Inherited Cancer

Question 18

Which genes are related with the development of cancer?: (inherited or acquired de novo)

Answer 18

• Proto-oncogenes
• Tumor supressor genes
• DNA repair genes
• Caretakers
• Gatekeepers
• Landscapers

Question 19

Proto-oncogenes promote___ and ___

Answer 19

growth and cell division

Question 20

Proto-oncogenes are:

Answer 20

cell division and cell cycle regulators

Question 21

When the activity and growth is not controlled the photo-oncogenes are considered as:

Answer 21

Oncogenes

Question 22

Oncogenes examples:

Answer 22

• K-ras
• Cyclins
• CDK
• c-myc
• c-erbB

Question 23

Tumor supressor genes role

Answer 23

Are considered as protective genes, because limit the cell growth

Slow down the cell division or tell cells when die

Question 24

examples of Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 24

-BRCA1
-BRCA2
-P53

Question 25

DNA repair genes

Answer 25

correct the mistakes occurred during the replication

Question 26

DNA repair genes are more sensitive to

Answer 26

more sensitive to agents that damage DNA

Question 27

The caretakers keeping_____ healthy.

Answer 27

keeping other genes healthy

Question 28

Gatekeepers _____ or _____ cell growth.

Answer 28

controlling or inhibiting

Question 29

Landscapers

Answer 29

fostering a stromal environment conductive to unregulated cell proliferation

Question 30

RB is also known as the____

Answer 30

Governor of the cell cycle

Question 31

RB is a key negative regulator of the ____ cell cycle transition.

Answer 31

G1/S regulator

Question 32

RB is directly or indirectly inactivated in most_______.

Answer 32

human cancers

Question 33

RB diagram

Answer 33

Question 34

TP53 is also known as the

Answer 34

Guardian of the genome.

Question 35

TP53 regulates:

Answer 35

-cell cycle progression -DNA repair -Cellular senescence -Apoptosis

Question 36

_____ is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers.

Answer 36

TP53

Question 37

W/ loss of ____ function, DNA damage goes unrepaired, driver mutations accumulate in oncogenes and other cancer genes.

Answer 37

p53

Question 38

TP53 diagram

Answer 38

Question 39

Chromosomal changes

Answer 39

-Translocations -Deletions -Gene amplification

Question 40

Translocations are the activation of_____ (by promoter or enhancer substitution, by formation of a fusion gene.

Answer 40

Translocations are the location of proto-oncogenes.

Question 41

Not all deletions lead to______

Answer 41

Loss of gene function, a few activate oncogenes.

Question 42

Gene amplification: Reduplication and amplification of their DNA sequences. (multiple small extrachromosomal structures called double minutes and homogeneous regions.

Answer 42

Gene amplification

Question 43

Epimutations are

Answer 43

A change in the chemical structure of DNA that does not change the DNA coding sequence. Epimutations occur in the body when chemical groups called methyl groups are added to or removed from DNA or when changes are made to proteins called histones that bind to the DNA in chromosomes