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YEAR 3: Conditions Knowledge > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cancer is most common in the bladder?

A

Transitional cell carcinomas

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2
Q

Recall 3 risk factors for bladder cancer

A

Recurrent UTIs
Schistomiasis
Naphthylamine dye exposure

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3
Q

Recall a key epidemiological factor for bladder cancer

A

2-3 x more common in males

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4
Q

Recall the symptoms of bladder cancer

A

Normal urinary symptoms you would expect: polyuria, urgency, nocturia
Painless, macrocytic haematuria
Recurrent UTIs

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5
Q

Recall the initial investigation used for bladder cancer

A

Cytoscopy

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6
Q

What sort of scan is used to stage bladder cancer?

A

CT or MRI

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7
Q

What is the most common type of cancer in the breast?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

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8
Q

Recall 3 things that prolong oestrogen exposure

A

Nulliparity
Late menopause
Obesity

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9
Q

Recall the symptoms of breast cancer

A

Breast lump: irregular size/shape, may have bloody discharge
Axillary lump
Cardinal symptoms

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10
Q

Recall the signs of breast cancer including the characteristic appearance of the lump

A

Lump is firm and irregular, and tethered to surrounding tissues
Peau d’orange and skin tethering
Nipple inversion
Paget’s disease of the nipple (eczema like surrounding skin)

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11
Q

Recall the triple assessment investigative procedure used in breast cancer

A
  1. Examination
  2. Ultrasound/ mammogram
  3. FNA/ core biopsy
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12
Q

What investigations may be done in breast cancer in order to stage the tumour?

A

CT, CXR, Liver US (looking for mets)

Bloods (including Ca2+ and bone profile)

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13
Q

What is a cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Primary adenocarcinoma of the biliary tree

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14
Q

Recall the 3 risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma

A

Choledochal cyst
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Ulcerative colitis

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15
Q

Recall the symptoms of jaundice

A 
Mnemonic: You Shall Poo Stools Deemed Unhealthily Pale
Yellow
Skin
Pale
Stool
Dark 
Urine
Prutitis
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16
Q

Recall the symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma

A

Jaundice
Abdominal pain
Cardinal symptoms

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17
Q

Recall the LFT results expected in cholangiocarcinoma

A

Raised ALP and GGT

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18
Q

What tumour marker may be present in cholangiocarcinoma?

A

CEA

Carcinoembryonic antigen

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19
Q

What is the key investigation to do to diagnose cholangiocarcinoma?

A

ERCP - also use to do biopsy

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20
Q

How are CNS tumours classified?

A

High or low grade

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21
Q

What is the difference between high and low grade CNS tumours?

A

Rate of growth - only low grade ones may be treated

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22
Q

Recall examples of high grade CNS tumours

A

Mnemonic = GLUM
Glioma (+ glioblastoma multiforme)
Lymphoma (primary cerebral)
Medulloblastoma

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23
Q

Recall examples of low grade CNS tumours

A

Meningioma
Acoustic neuroma
Chraniopharyngoma

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24
Q

Who is particularly at risk of low grade CNS tumours?

A

HIV/AIDS patients

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25
What is an important differential to rule out when you suspect a CNS tumour?
Temporal arteritis
26
Why are CNS tumours not staged?
Metastases from primary pretty much non-existent
27
What type of cancer is colon cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
28
Recall the relative proportion of distribution of colon cancers
10% in ascending and transverse colon 30% in descending colon 60% in sigmoid colon/ recum
29
What are the key mutations implicated in colon cancer?
KRas and APC
30
Recall the 3 key risk factors for colon cancer?
IBD Polyps Western diet
31
Differentiate the symptoms seen in cancers of the ascending/ transverse colon and symptoms that present in descending/sigmoid/rectal tumours
Ascending/transverse: later presentation: anaemia, malaiase, weight loss Descending/sigmoid/rectal = earlier presentation: change in bowel habit, rectal bleeding, tenesmus
32
Why do colon cancers often present as an emergency?
Obstruction/ haemorrhage is common
33
Where is colon cancer most likely to metastasise to?
Liver
34
What is an important blood test to do in primary investigations for colon cancer?
FBC as will show anaemia
35
Which tumour markers may be present in colorectal cancer?
Ca19-9 | CEA
36
What screening test may be used for colorectal cancer?
Faecal occult blood
37
How should a biopsy be obtained for colorectal cancer?
Endoscopy
38
How is colorectal cancer staged?
CONTRAST CT
39
Recall 3 risk factors for gastric cancer
Smoked/processed foods H. pylori Gastric polyps
40
What are the gastric symptoms of gastric cancers?
Early satiety Gastric mass Tenderness Dysphagia
41
Recall 2 weird signs of gastric cancer
Virchow's node | Sister Mary Joseph's Nodule
42
Define hepatocellular carcinoma
Primary malignancy of liver *parenchyma*
43
Recall 3 pathologies associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
Chronic liver disease Metabolic disease (eg haemochromatosis) Aflatoxin infection
44
Recall 2 symptoms of hepatocellular carcinoma
Jaundice | Abdominal distention
45
Recall the signs of hepatocellular carcinoma
``` Mnemonic: Hepatocellular Carcinoma Always Leaves Bad Jaundice Hepatomegaly Cachexia Ascites Lymphadenopathy Bruits over liver Jaundice ```
46
What is the tumour marker implicated in hepatocellular carcinoma?
AFP
47
How might cytology samples be obtained for hepatocellular carcinoma?
Ascitic tap
48
Recall the relative prevalence of small cell and non-small cell lung cancer
Small cell = 20%, non-small cell = 80%
49
Which type of cancer is asbestos associated with?
Lung cancer
50
What is the relative prevalence of lung cancer in women to men?
1:3
51
Recall symptoms of lung cancer due to the primary tumour
Haemoptysis Chest pain Recurrent pneumonia
52
Recall symptoms of lung cancer that are related to local inflammation
Of nerves: SNS compression: Horner's Brachial plexus compression: shoulder/arm pain LRL compression: hoarseness and bovine cough Of tissue: dysphagia and arrhythmias
53
What sort of wheeze results from lung tumours
Obstruction --> fixed monophonic wheeze
54
What electrolyte imbalance is common in lung cancer?
Hypercalcaemia
55
What blood result is indicative of bony mets?
Raised LFTs
56
Where does mesothelioma most commonly occur?
Pleura (90%)
57
What is the key risk factor to remember for mesothelioma?
Asbestos
58
Recall the signs and symptoms of mesothelioma
``` Mnemonic: Mesothelioma Presents With Particularly Fierce Nail Clubbing Signs M: mass P: pyrexia W: weight loss P: pain in chest F: fatigue N: night sweats C: clubbing S: SOB ```
59
What is the main investigation that needs to be done in mesothelioma?
Pleural fluid cytology
60
Recall the diagnostic criteria for neutropenic sepsis
Temp >38 | Neutrophils < 0.5 x 10^9/L
61
Why may a neutropenically septic patient not have fever even though they have a high temp?
They are likely to be on anti-pyretics
62
Recall some acquired causes of neutropenic sepsis, thinking systematically
1. Decreased production of neutrophils: B12/folate deficiency, chemotherapy, aplastic anaemia 2. Accelerated turnover of neutrophils: hypersplenism 3. Dengue fever!
63
What is the most common cause of neutropenic sepsis?
Cytotoxic chemotherapy
64
Recall the investigations required to identify neutropenia and sepsis
FBC | Blood cultures
65
What are the 2 major histological types of oesophageal cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma | Adenocarcinoma
66
Recall 4 risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus
Achalasia Coeliac Alcohol Scleroderma
67
Recall 2 risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus
GORD | Barrett's oesophagus
68
Is oesophageal cancer more common in men or women?
Men
69
Recall the symptoms of oesophageal cancer
``` Dysphagia Regurgitation Choking Hoarseness Odynophagia Cough ```
70
Recall 2 investigations for oesophageal cancer
Barium swallow | Endoscopy
71
Is pancreatic cancer more common in men or women?
Men
72
Recall the symptoms of pancreatic cancer
``` Mnemonic: Pancreatic Malignancy Affects Disaster With No Justice Pain Malaise Anorexia Diabetes Weight loss Nausea Jaundice ```
73
What is trousseau's sign of malignancy?
superficial thrombophlebitis
74
In which cancer is trousseau's sign of malignancy present?
Pancreatic
75
Which tumour markers may be present in pancreatic cancer
Ca19-9 | CEA
76
Recall the characteristic findings on PR in prostate cancer
Loss of midline sulcus | Asymmetrical hard nodular prostate
77
How would a biopsy be done in prostate cancer?
TRUS
78
What is the most common medical therapy for prostate cancer?
Androgen deprivation therapy
79
Recall the types of renal cell carcinoma and their relative prevalences
``` Renal CLEAR cell = 80% Papillary cell carcinoma = 10% Transitional cell (at renal pelvis) = 10% ```
80
Recall 3 inherited conditions associated with renal cell carcinoma
Von Hippel-Lindau Tuberous sclerosis Polycystic kidney disease
81
What is Strauffer's syndrome?
Abnormal LFTs in absence of liver mets due to renal cell carcinoma
82
What percentage of renal cell carcinomas are asymptomatic, and what are the possible symptoms?
90% | Haematuria, flank pain, abdominal mass
83
Why does renal cell carcinoma cause hypertension?
Suppresses RAAS
84
Why can renal cell carcinoma cause a left-sided varicocele?
Obstructs left-sided testicular vein where it joins renal vein
85
Which staging system is used for renal cell carcinoma?
Robson staging
86
What are the 3 types of testicular cancer?
Seminomas Non-seminamatous germ cell tumours Teratoma
87
Which metastases are most common in testicular cancer?
Lung
88
Recall 3 signs of testicular cancer
1. Hard mass 2. Lymphadenopathy 3. Gynaecomastia (tumour produces hCG)
89
Recall 2 tumour markers for testicular cancer
AFP | beta-hCG
90
Which staging system is used for testicular cancer?
Royal Marsden Hospital Staging System
91
What is tumour lysis syndrome?
Metabolic abnormalities that occur as a complication of cancer treatment
92
In which cancer does the treatment most commonly produce tumour lysis syndrome?
Lymphoma/ leukaemia
93
Recall 3 electrolytes that are high in TLS and the consequences of each of these being raised
Phosphate: calcium phosphate deposited in kidney leading to acute renal failure K+: causes arrhythmias Uric acid: gout

YEAR 3: Conditions Knowledge (17 decks)

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