cancer

Question 1

what are four characteristics/abnormalities of a cancer cell?

Answer 1

small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
multiple and large nucleoli
coarse chromatin

Question 2

what are 5 tell-tail signs of potential cancer diagnosis?

Answer 2

unexplained weight loss
fever, chills, night sweats
rest/night pain
fatigue
skin changes

Question 3

what are the abcde’s of melanoma?

Answer 3

assymmetry
border
color
diameter
enlargement

Question 4

what does CAUTION mean in cancer land?

Answer 4

Change in bowel/bladder
A sore that doesn't heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
thickening or lump
indigestion/trouble swallowing
obvious change in wart/mole
nagging cough/hoarseness

Question 5

abnormal cells are present only in the layer of cells in which they developed?

Answer 5

in situ stage

Question 6

localized stage

Answer 6

cancer is limited to the organ in which it began, w/o evidence of spread

Question 7

cancer has spread beyond the primary site to nearby lymph nodes or tissues and organs

Answer 7

regional stage

Question 8

distant stage

Answer 8

cancer has spread from the primary site to distant tissues or organs or to distant lymph nodes

Question 9

what is the tnm system of cancer staging?

Answer 9

t: size or extend of primary tumor
n: amount of spread to regional lymph nodes
m: presence of distant metastasis

Question 10

stage 0

Answer 10

carcinoma in situ

Question 11

stage I-III

Answer 11

higher numbers =more ext disease

larger tumor and/or cancer spread to lymph nodes and/or adj tissues or organs

Question 12

stage IV

Answer 12

spread to distant organs

Question 13

what are 4 acute side effects of radiation?

Answer 13

skin irritation
damage at regions exposed to radiation
cancer related fatigue
nausea/vomiting

Question 14

what are 4 late side effects of radiation?

Answer 14

bone health
lymphedema
secondary cancer
fibrosis

Question 15

what are two examples of targeted hormone therapy for breast cancer?

Answer 15

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM): blocks estrogen receptors in breast cells, increases in other cells
Aromatase Inhibitor: lowers estrogen by blocking aromatase in fat tissue

Question 16

What is Herceptin do?

Answer 16

a monoclonal antibody for HER2

Question 17

where are the most common sites for metastasis in breast cancer?

Answer 17

bone
lung
pleura
liver

Question 18

where are the most common sites for metastasis in colorectal cancer?

Answer 18

liver

peritoneal cavity

Question 19

where are the most common sites for metastasis in lung cancer?

Answer 19

small cell lung cancer: liver, brain, adrenal glands, pancreas, opposite lung, bone
non-small cell lung cancer: opposite lung, brain; less often to adrenal glands, liver, bone

Question 20

where are the most common sites for metastasis in multiple myeloma?

Answer 20

osteolytic bone lesions

Question 21

where are the most common sites for metastasis in ovarian cancer?

Answer 21

peritoneal cavity

Question 22

where are the most common sites for metastasis in pancreatic cancer?

Answer 22

liver
lungs
local tissue

Question 23

where are the most common sites for metastasis in prostate cancer?

Answer 23

bone

Question 24

where are the most common sites for metastasis in sarcoma?

Answer 24

lung

Question 25

what are signs of spinal cord compression?

Answer 25

localized back pain NIGHT PAIN pain worse lying supine bowel/bladder dysfunction

Question 26

what are signs of a malignant pericardial effusion?

Answer 26

``` dyspnea cyanosis jugular vein distention orthopnea cough fatigue palpitations fall in systolic BP during inspiration ```

Question 27

what is superior vena cava syndrome?

Answer 27

``` facial swelling jugular venous distention feeling of fullness in head lying down or bending sensation shirt collar is tight UE edema CV: tachycardia, cyanosis respiratory: nonproductive cough, dyspnea CNS: confusion, anxiety ```

Question 28

what are the 9 components of wells rule for dvt risk?

Answer 28

``` active cancer paralysis or immobilization bedrest>3 days or major surgery within past month tenderness over deep venous system entire le swelling calf swelling > 3cm re: ipsilateral limb pitting edema collateral veins alternate dx ```

Question 29

what is l'hermitte's sign?

Answer 29

sometimes called the barber chair phenomenon, is an uncomfortable "electrical" sensation that runs through the back and into the limbs

Question 30

what is autologous reconstruction?

Answer 30

using a patient's own tissue

Question 31

what is a tram reconstruction?

Answer 31

use of transverse rectus abdominis to recreate the breast?

Question 32

what is a diep reconstruction?

Answer 32

use of the deep inferior epigastric perforator to reconstruct blood flow/breast

Question 33

what is siea reconstruction?

Answer 33

superficial inferior epigastric artery used for reconstruction

Question 34

what kind of pectoralis muscle dysfunction results from breast cancer surgeries in overhead flexion?

Answer 34

increased tension

Question 35

what kind of pectoralis muscle dysfunction results from breast cancer surgeries in extension/ER and abduction/ER?

Answer 35

increased tension

Question 36

what kind of pectoralis muscle dysfunction results from breast cancer surgeries in flexion to 90 degrees?

Answer 36

decreased tension

Question 37

what are two kinds of dysfunction that result from a shortened pectoralis minor?

Answer 37

reduced scapular posterior tilt at end of range of arm elevation more scapular IR at early and mid range of arm elevation

Question 38

what motion will i ask a patient to do to see axillary cording?

Answer 38

flexion and abduction

Question 39

what nerve is often damaged in a neck cancer surgery?

Answer 39

spinal accessory

Question 40

what happens to active shoulder abduction if the spinal accessory nerve is damaged?

Answer 40

lack of stabilization for gh joint | inferior angle of scapula moves laterally

Question 41

what is the scapular flip sign and what does it show?

Answer 41

resisted external rotation | scapular medial border winging=positive test