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unit 11 > cancer > Flashcards

cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what are four characteristics/abnormalities of a cancer cell?

A

small cytoplasm
multiple nuclei
multiple and large nucleoli
coarse chromatin

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2
Q

what are 5 tell-tail signs of potential cancer diagnosis?

A 
unexplained weight loss
fever, chills, night sweats
rest/night pain
fatigue
skin changes
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3
Q

what are the abcde’s of melanoma?

A 
assymmetry
border
color
diameter
enlargement
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4
Q

what does CAUTION mean in cancer land?

A 
Change in bowel/bladder
A sore that doesn't heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
thickening or lump
indigestion/trouble swallowing
obvious change in wart/mole
nagging cough/hoarseness
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5
Q

abnormal cells are present only in the layer of cells in which they developed?

A

in situ stage

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6
Q

localized stage

A

cancer is limited to the organ in which it began, w/o evidence of spread

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7
Q

cancer has spread beyond the primary site to nearby lymph nodes or tissues and organs

A

regional stage

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8
Q

distant stage

A

cancer has spread from the primary site to distant tissues or organs or to distant lymph nodes

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9
Q

what is the tnm system of cancer staging?

A

t: size or extend of primary tumor
n: amount of spread to regional lymph nodes
m: presence of distant metastasis

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10
Q

stage 0

A

carcinoma in situ

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11
Q

stage I-III

A

higher numbers =more ext disease

larger tumor and/or cancer spread to lymph nodes and/or adj tissues or organs

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12
Q

stage IV

A

spread to distant organs

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13
Q

what are 4 acute side effects of radiation?

A

skin irritation
damage at regions exposed to radiation
cancer related fatigue
nausea/vomiting

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14
Q

what are 4 late side effects of radiation?

A

bone health
lymphedema
secondary cancer
fibrosis

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15
Q

what are two examples of targeted hormone therapy for breast cancer?

A

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM): blocks estrogen receptors in breast cells, increases in other cells
Aromatase Inhibitor: lowers estrogen by blocking aromatase in fat tissue

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16
Q

What is Herceptin do?

A

a monoclonal antibody for HER2

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17
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in breast cancer?

A

bone
lung
pleura
liver

18
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in colorectal cancer?

A

liver

peritoneal cavity

19
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in lung cancer?

A

small cell lung cancer: liver, brain, adrenal glands, pancreas, opposite lung, bone
non-small cell lung cancer: opposite lung, brain; less often to adrenal glands, liver, bone

20
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in multiple myeloma?

A

osteolytic bone lesions

21
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in ovarian cancer?

A

peritoneal cavity

22
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in pancreatic cancer?

A

liver
lungs
local tissue

23
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in prostate cancer?

A

bone

24
Q

where are the most common sites for metastasis in sarcoma?

A

lung

25
Q

what are signs of spinal cord compression?

A

localized back pain
NIGHT PAIN
pain worse lying supine
bowel/bladder dysfunction

26
Q

what are signs of a malignant pericardial effusion?

A 
dyspnea
cyanosis
jugular vein distention
orthopnea
cough
fatigue
palpitations
fall in systolic BP during inspiration
27
Q

what is superior vena cava syndrome?

A 
facial swelling 
jugular venous distention
feeling of fullness in head lying down or bending
sensation shirt collar is tight
UE edema
CV: tachycardia, cyanosis
respiratory: nonproductive cough, dyspnea
CNS: confusion, anxiety
28
Q

what are the 9 components of wells rule for dvt risk?

A 
active cancer
paralysis or immobilization
bedrest>3 days or major surgery within past month
tenderness over deep venous system
entire le swelling
calf swelling > 3cm re: ipsilateral limb
pitting edema
collateral veins
alternate dx
29
Q

what is l’hermitte’s sign?

A

sometimes called the barber chair phenomenon, is an uncomfortable “electrical” sensation that runs through the back and into the limbs

30
Q

what is autologous reconstruction?

A

using a patient’s own tissue

31
Q

what is a tram reconstruction?

A

use of transverse rectus abdominis to recreate the breast?

32
Q

what is a diep reconstruction?

A

use of the deep inferior epigastric perforator to reconstruct blood flow/breast

33
Q

what is siea reconstruction?

A

superficial inferior epigastric artery used for reconstruction

34
Q

what kind of pectoralis muscle dysfunction results from breast cancer surgeries in overhead flexion?

A

increased tension

35
Q

what kind of pectoralis muscle dysfunction results from breast cancer surgeries in extension/ER and abduction/ER?

A

increased tension

36
Q

what kind of pectoralis muscle dysfunction results from breast cancer surgeries in flexion to 90 degrees?

A

decreased tension

37
Q

what are two kinds of dysfunction that result from a shortened pectoralis minor?

A

reduced scapular posterior tilt at end of range of arm elevation
more scapular IR at early and mid range of arm elevation

38
Q

what motion will i ask a patient to do to see axillary cording?

A

flexion and abduction

39
Q

what nerve is often damaged in a neck cancer surgery?

A

spinal accessory

40
Q

what happens to active shoulder abduction if the spinal accessory nerve is damaged?

A

lack of stabilization for gh joint

inferior angle of scapula moves laterally

41
Q

what is the scapular flip sign and what does it show?

A

resisted external rotation

scapular medial border winging=positive test

unit 11 (12 decks)

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