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MCD - Cell pathology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasm?

A

Abnormal mass of tissue growth

Growth continues after stimulus is removed

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2
Q

What do we call the cancer cells?

A

Parenchyma

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3
Q

What is stroma?

A

Tissue around the cancer cells that consists of connective tissue, blood vessels, macrophages

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4
Q

How to tell if a tumour is benign or malignant by name?

A

Benign tumours end in -Oma

Except
sarcoma (stroma)
carcinoma (parenchyma)

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5
Q

Differences between malignant and benign tumours

A
  • Malignant = undifferentiated cells
  • benign = differentiated cells
    (can tell they are different to normal cells)
  • malignant grows faster
  • malignant infiltrate basal Latima
  • Metastasis - benign tissues dont metasis
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6
Q

4 ways of metastasis

A

Lymphatic
Haematogenous
Body cavity
Contiguous = touching

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7
Q

3 ways of inheriting cancer

A
  • Autosomal dominant =FAP
  • Defective DNA repair = Xeroderma pigmentosum
    recessive
  • Familial cancer syndrome = unknown cause but runs in family e.e multiple endocrine neoplasia
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8
Q

Non hereditary cancers

A

Risk factor e.g. liver cirrhosis and HCC
Inflammation and cytokines can cause cancer
because inflammation creates genomic stress and mutations

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9
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

Acquiring malignancy in over a period of time due to multiple mutation - in steps

  • non lethal changes in the cell are the driving force of carcinogenesis
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10
Q

chemical carcinogens :

A
  • no common structural features
  • some chemical carcinogens need metabolic conversion from inactive pro- carcinogen to an active ultimate carcinogen
  • ## however some act without conversion
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11
Q

4 regulatory genes and examples of cancers caused by loss of regulation in each

A

Oncogene = burkitts lymphoma mYC
Tumour suppressor genes = BRCA 1/2
DNA repair genes = genomic instability syndrome (not directly oncogenic)
Apoptosis = bcl2 unregulated in lymphomas

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12
Q

Diagnosis and testing

A

Biopsy
Fine needle aspiration
a bit of tissue is removed and tested to check for the presence of a tumour

Scans
CT, MRI, PET scans

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13
Q

mechanisms of invasion of cancer?

A
  • Lymphatic
  • Haematogenous
  • Body Cavities
  • Contiguous (sharing a common border/touching)
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14
Q

what route do carcinomas follow?

what route do sarcomas follow?

A

carcinoma = lymphatic

sarcoma = Haematogenous Route

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15
Q

how do tumours use body cavities?

A

the tumour extending through the pleural cavities/pericardium/peritoneum and maybe even the subarachnoid space

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16
Q

mechanisms of invasion of cancer?

A
  • Lymphatic
  • Haematogenous
  • Body Cavities
  • Contiguous (sharing a common border/touching)
17
Q

what route do carcinomas follow?

what route do sarcomas follow?

A

carcinoma = lymphatic

sarcoma = Haematogenous Route

18
Q

how do tumours use body cavities?

A

the tumour extending through the pleural cavities/pericardium/peritoneum and maybe even the subarachnoid space

19
Q

how does carcinogenesis work?

A

Involves multiple mutations over a period of time

  • Malignancy is acquired in a step-wise fashion - tumour progression
  • The non-lethal changes in the cell are the driving force of carcinogenesis
20
Q

what are the classes of carcinogens?

A 
Chemicals
• Viruses
• Ionising/Non-Ionising Radiation
• Hormones
• Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites
• Miscellaneous
21
Q

what are the main groups of chemical carcinogens?

A 
Hydrocarbons 
Amines 
Nitrosamines 
Azo dyes 
Alkylating agents
22
Q

what are examples of oncogenic viruses?

A
  • Epstein-Barr Virus - Burkitt’s Lymphoma
  • HPV - Cervical Cancer
  • Hepatitis B Virus - Hepatocellular Carcinoma
23
Q

what is Oncogenic virus mechanism?

A
  • Viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell DNA

- Oncogenic RNA viral genome is transcribed into DNA by enzymes prior to incorporation

24
Q

what are DNA oncogenic viruses?

A

HPV
EBV
HBV
HHV8

25
Q

what are RNA oncogenic viruses?

A

HTLV-1

26
Q

what are radiations that cause cancer?

A
  • Ultraviolet

- Ionising Electromagnetic Radiation can cause an increase in leukaemia

27
Q

what are the four classes of regulatory genes?

A
  • Oncogenes
  • Tumour Suppressor Genes
  • apoptosis
  • DNA reapir genes
28
Q

what are types of DNA repair genes?

A
  • Mismatch Repair
  • Nucleotide Excision Repair
  • Recombination Repair
29
Q

what are clinical effects of the tumour

A
  • both benign and malignant tumors affect the host
  • ## causes worries
30
Q

what is metabolic cancer cachexia?

A
  • these are side effects of malignant tumours :
  • Increased Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
  • Reduced Fat
  • Reduced Muscle Bulk
31
Q

what are lab methods of cancer diagnosis?

A
  • cytology

- histology

32
Q

what is staging?

A
  • most important parameter
  • Staging combines clinical, radiological and pathological findings.
  • main system = TNM
    based on several things
  • Size of the primary TUMOUR
  • Has it spread to LYMPH NODES?
  • Has is METASTASISED?
33
Q

what is grading?

A

Grading = histological , based on differentiation

34
Q

in UK what screening programmes are present?

A
  • Cervical Cancer
  • Breast Cancer
  • Colorectal Cancer
35
Q

what are vaccinations for cancer?

A
  • HPV = cervical cancer

- HBV = liver cancer

MCD - Cell pathology (6 decks)

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