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MyReview Step > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cachexia

A

Anorexia anemia, malaise, fatigue. Eight loss, generalized wasting

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2
Q

What causes sx in cachexia?

A

tNF alpha cytokine

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3
Q

How does sepsis present?

A

Warm and well perfused caused by massive vasodilated by lipopolysaccarides (cause what?), hypotension also from vasodilatación not from low volume or volume loss,

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4
Q

Acute phase reactants are made by what?

A

Liver

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5
Q

These are products made by lover in inflammation or infection.Liver goes into overdrive and makes acute reactantas like

A

Ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, amiloid, complement, ferritin

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6
Q

What gene causes resistance to chemotherapy.

A

MDR1

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7
Q

Chemotherapy resistance is caused by what?

A

Increased flux of drug out of cytosine, reduces influx to cytosine, self heals itself from chemotherapy, amplify resistance genes, mutations

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8
Q

Tumor lysis syndorme

A

Emergency during chemotherapy. All tumor cells lose at same time because susceptible to the agent and release all potassium that sits inside of their cells. All of this at once gets hyperKalemia. Also hypocalcemia because calcium binds to all the ohospahate to for, the calcium phospahate salts. Hyoerphospahatemia because all of it ha suene released from the cell so it increases in blood.

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9
Q

Nucleotide release by tumor lysis causes

A

Uriel acid which damages kidney.

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10
Q

Uriel acid precipitates in an

A

Acidic environment

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11
Q

Hypocalcemia in tumor lysis syndrome gives you

A

Calcium stones, tetany, seizure y myopathies.

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12
Q

Rasburicase is used for?

A

Wash out the Uric acid from the kidney. It is approved by FDA for Tumor lysis Syndrome. Does not work for gout.
Turns uric acid into allantoin whcih then gets excreted.

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13
Q

Number three cancer for everything

A

Colcorectal

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14
Q

Number one killer of man and women

A

Lung cancer

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15
Q

Number two killer are

A

Breast and prostate

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16
Q

Number one cancer incidence is

A

Breast and prostate

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17
Q

Number two cancer in terms of incidence and prevalence

A

Lung cancer

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18
Q

Number one cancer over all, everything accounted for

.

A

Breast cancer, estimated 271,000 new cases for 2019

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19
Q

Number three cancer is

A

Prostate

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20
Q

Number four cancer across the board

A

Skin cancer

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21
Q

Metaolasia

A

One type of cell is replaced with another bc new cell can handle better the new hostile environment.

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22
Q

Squamous epithelial replaced by columnar epithelium is an example of a ——— better examples by barrett’s esophagus.

A

Metaplasia

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23
Q

Why do we worry about Barrett’s?

A

Structures which could cause dysphasia.

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24
Q

Carcinoma in situ is example of

A

High grade dysphasia which does not violate the BM.

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25
Q

High grade dysphasia involves

A

Entire epithelium that doesn’t penetrate Bm

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26
Q

Description of dysplastic cells

A

Cells pleomorphic so they vary in shape and size, o sea, cells are diff from each other, the stain intensely bc they are replicating, mitifica cells increases so epithelium does not look normal, nucleares to cytoplasm is elevated bc these cells have very little cytoplasm bc they are replicating their DNA

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27
Q

Metastasis

A

Violation of BM. Then get into vasculature, etc.

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28
Q

How can cancer cells can hide themselves?

A

Hide by adhering to platelets.

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29
Q

When tumor cells detach what decreases?

A

There is decrease in e cadherin

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30
Q

Laminin binds to —— in Bm

A

Enactin

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31
Q

Metástasis steps

A
  1. Cells detach from other cells by decrease e cedhering
  2. Increase expression of laminin and adhesion molecules to adhere to the BM
  3. Secrets proteolytic enzymes
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32
Q

What do metalloproreinases do?

A

They degrade both extracellukar Matrix and BM laminin y type 4 y 7 collagen

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33
Q

First step of invasion?

A

Penetration of BM

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34
Q

First place of breast cancer to go?

A

Lymphatic, to LN. From lymphatics can drain into circulation through thoracic duct, or from subcutaneous to small blood vessel.

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35
Q

Breast cancer goes to

A

Bones, brain liver and lungs

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36
Q

Colon cancer goes to

A

Liver, lungs, bones, and brain

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37
Q

Prostate goes only to

A

The bones

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38
Q

Melanoma

A

Bones, brain liver and lungs

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39
Q

MEchanism of cancer

A

Pre initiation (all healthy), then initiation (exposure to carcinogen which interacts with DNA and this time instead of causing nothing it causes mutation to the DNA), then promotion (mutation to DNA may have been to promoter which turns on transcription of a gene), now one cells is replicating. Then more as more mutations accumulate. that is progression. When cells proliferate, immune system recognizes and No y Cd T cells destroys it or not. But if not, then malignancy.

40
Q

Anti oncogenes do what?

A

Protect cells from cancer.

41
Q

Functions of tumor suppressor genes?

A

Depress genes that are essential for cell cycle. Programmed cell death, cell adhesion, blocks loss of contact inhibition, inhibit metastasis, repair damaged DNA, stops cell cycle when damaged dna is present arresting in G1 to S transition.

42
Q

Two hit hypothesis

A

Both tumor suppressor mutscmjtate before cancer occurs.

43
Q

Mutant oncogenes are usually —- and tumor suppressor genes are usually ——.

A

dominant, recessive

44
Q

Tumor suppressor

A

Gene that codes for a protein that could be a relressor protein, for example, that binds to a DNA sequence to prevent transcript of that dna, so that dna that was supposed to to be made gave an advantage, so you stopped that advantage, that is what tumor suppressor does.

45
Q

Proto oncogene

A

Codes for cell growth and differentiation. Mutated causes improper growth and differentiation. But normally we need them,

46
Q

———- of a Protooncogene is when it can get relocated to a new site of more expression leading to fusion between protooncogene and promoter increasing cancerous activity.

A

Translocation

47
Q

AKt1 oncogene

A

Lung, ovarian, colon y wilm’s tumor

48
Q

AKT1 oncogene

A

Lung, ovarian, colon y wilm’s tumor

49
Q

BRAF

A

Malanoma, lung, colorectal,

50
Q

BRAF

A

Malanoma, lung, colorectal, ovary, gist (gastrointestinal stromatolites tumor).

51
Q

CTNNB1 oncogene

A

Ovarian, colorectal, liver, thyroid, endometrial, skin, medulloblastoma

52
Q

FOS

A

Osteosarcoma, endometrial, cervical

53
Q

ERBB2 (her-2-new)

A

Breast, lung, gastric, ovarian, glioma

54
Q

JUN

A

Non small cell,

55
Q

MET

A

Clear cell of the kidney

56
Q

MYB

A

Breast

57
Q

C-MYC

A

Burtkitts lymphoma, ovarian, breast, colorectal, pancreas, uterine

58
Q

L-MYC

A

Small cell, leukemia

59
Q

N-MYC

A

Neuroblastoma

60
Q

HRAS

A

Bladder, head and neck

61
Q

KRAS

A

Lung, pancreas, colorectal

62
Q

NRAS

A

Neuroblastoma

63
Q

RET

A

Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, MEN 2A and MEN 2B

64
Q

WNT1

A

Basal cell, colorectal, breast

65
Q

Translocation for Burkitt

A

8, 14

66
Q

T(9:22)

A

Philadelphia chromosome, CML

67
Q

Virus activate ——- to cause cancer.

A

growth promoter, inhibit tumor suppressor,

68
Q

Human papilloma virus suppresses 2 proteins , —— y ——- which bind and inactivate tumor suppressors —— y ———-.

A

E6 and E7, p53 y pRB

69
Q

Translocation for follicular lymphoma

A

14,18

70
Q

Translocation for Ewing’s osteosarcoma

A

11,22

71
Q

Translocation for AML or Promyeloblastic leukemia

A

15,17

72
Q

Burkitts associated with what virus?

A

EBV

73
Q

Cervical cancer is associated with virus?

A

HPV

74
Q

Hepatocellukar carcinoma is associated with what virus?

A

Hep B and C

75
Q

T cell leukemia is associated with virus?

A

Retroviruses

76
Q

Genital warts caused HPV strains

A

6 and 11

77
Q

HPV cancer (penile, anal, vulvar, throat) is caused by strains

A

16 and 18

78
Q

Where is desciment membrane located?

A

Cornea, between the storm and the epidermal membrane?

79
Q

Grading is a —- classification

A

Histologíc. Every cancer has different grading.

80
Q

Localized cancer to with?

A

Surgical excision.because it is located to organ it began on and no spread.

81
Q

Distant metastasis treatment.

A

Chemotherapy or nothing

82
Q

What does TNM stand for in tumors?

A

T tumor
N nodes extent of spread
m metastasis

83
Q

Stage of carcinoma in situ

A

0, benign

84
Q

Stage 1-3 cancer

A

More extensive disease

85
Q

Stage 4 cancer

A

Cancer has spread, metastasis

86
Q

Gx grade

A

Inadequate sample, not enough tissue

87
Q

The higher you go in grade, the ——

A

The worse the tissue looks.

88
Q

Benign lesion is

A

Well circumscribed, freely mobile, encapsulated, doesn’t grow outside of capsule, growth limitation, no metastasize, follows rules of physiology, so makes hormones the tissue was supposed to make.

89
Q

Malignant lesion is

A

Not circumscribed, adherent ti surrounding tissue,s outgrows it’s blood supply, not encapsulated, outgrows it’s capsule. Metastasize, does not follow physiological rules

90
Q

Anaplastic cells

A

Looks nothing like the cell it was supposed to be, complete lack of differentiation. Worse case scenario, lost cell polarity, no orientation or configuration.

91
Q

——- are Cells with Large nuclei, hypochromatic nuclei, strains intensely, giant muktunucleated cells, variation in size, and in shape, abnormal mitosesloss of normal architecture.

A

Anaplastic cells

92
Q

Angiogenin works with —- in cancer cells.

A

Works with VEGF in cancer cells.

93
Q

Required to help cancer cells produce its own blood vessels

A

Angiogenin

94
Q

Anti angiogenin interferes with activity of certain growth factors

A

Endostatin

95
Q

Side effects of chemotherapy?

A

Bone marrow suppression so anemia, destroys mucus membranes, hair follicles so alopecia, GI tract so ulcers, and hematopoietic cells so infections bc of suppression of bone marrow.

96
Q

Hydroxyurea

A

Blocks ribonuckeotide reductase, prevents converting uranyl to thymine

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