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Renal > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

MC primary renal cancer

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Renal cell carcinoma originates from

A

PCT cells

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3
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - histology

A

polygonal clear cells filled with accumulated lipids and carbohydrates

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4
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - gross appearance

A

golden yellow due to high lipid content

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5
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - MC in

A

men 50-70 years old

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6
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - risk factors

A
  1. Smoking
  2. obesity
  3. gene deletion of chromosome 3 (sporadic or inheritance as von Hippel-Lindau
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7
Q

von Hippel-Lindau disease - manifestations

A
  1. hemangioblastomas in retina, brain stem, cerebellum, spine
  2. angiomatosis (cavernous hemangiomas in skin, mucosa, orgnas)
  3. bilateral renal cell carcinoma
  4. pheochromocytomas
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8
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - clinical manifestations

A
  1. hematuria
  2. palpable mass
  3. polyceytmemia
  4. flank pain
  5. fever
  6. weight loss
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9
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - metastasis

A

Invade renal vein then IVC and spreads hematogenously –> metastasizes to lung and bone

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10
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  1. EPO
  2. ACTH
  3. PTHrP
  4. RENIN
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11
Q

neoplasms that produce erythropoietin

A 
1. Renal cell carcinoma 
2, hemangioblastoma
3. hepatocellular carcinoma 
4. leiomyoma 
5. pheochromocytoma
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12
Q

neoplasms that produce ACTH (cushing syndrome)

A
  1. small cell carcinoma of the lung

2. renal cell carcinoma

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13
Q

neoplasma that causes paraneoplastic hypercalcemia (and why)

A
  1. Hodgkin and 2. non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol))
  2. SCC of the lung
  3. renal cell carcinoma
  4. breast cancer
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14
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - prognosis? (why)

A

poor:

  1. Resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy
  2. Silent cancer –> comonly presents as a metastatic neoplasm
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15
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - treatment

A
  1. resection if localized disease
  2. immunotherapy (aldesleukin, INF-α, Bevacizumab)
    - -> resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy
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16
Q

Renal oncocytoma - definition/origin

A

benign epithelial cell tumor arising from collecting ducts

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17
Q

Renal oncocytoma - gross appearance

A

well circumscribed mass with central scar

18
Q

Renal oncocytoma - histological appearance

A

Large eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria WITHOUT PERINUCLEAR CLEARING vs chromophobe renal cell carcinoma)

19
Q

Renal oncocytoma - clinical manifestations

A
  1. painless hematuria
  2. flank pain
  3. abdominal mass
20
Q

Renal oncocytoma - treatment

A

often rsected to exclude malignancy

21
Q

renal oncocytoma vs chromophobe renal cell carcinoma according to histology

A

renal oncocytoma –> without perinuclear clearing

renal cell carcinoma –> Perinuclear halos usually prominent

22
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder - mechanism

A

Chronic irritation of urinary bladder –> squamous metaplasia –> dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma

23
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder - clinical manifestation

A

painless hematuria

24
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder - risk factors

A
  1. Schistosoma haematobium infection (Middle East)
  2. Chrinic cystitis
  3. smoking
  4. chronic nephrolithiasis
25
Q

Schistosoma - bugs/transmission/treatment

A
  1. S. haemoatobium 2. S. mansoni 3. S. japonicum
    transmission: snail are host
    cercarieae penetrate skin of humans
    treatment: praziquantel
26
Q

Schistosoma - disease

A

Liver and spleen enlargement (S. mansoni S. japonicum), fibrosis and inflammation, portal hypertension
chronic infection with S. haematobium –> SCC of the bladder and pulmonary hypertension

27
Q

MC tumor of urinary tract system

A

Transition cell carcinoma

28
Q

Transition cell carcinoma can occur in (location)

A
  1. renal calyces
  2. renal pelvis
  3. ureters
  4. bladders
29
Q

Transition cell carcinoma - manifestations

A

painless hematuria

30
Q

Transition cell carcinoma is associated with …. (risk factors)

A
  1. Phenacetin
  2. smoking
  3. Aniline dyes
  4. Cyclophosphamide
31
Q

phenacetin has declined because of

A

its adverse effects, which include risk of certain cancers and kidney damage

32
Q

transitional cell carcinoma - histology

A
  1. Dysplastic urothelium

2. Fibrovascular core in papillary tumor

33
Q

MC renal malignancy of eraly childhood (2-4 age)

A

Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma)

34
Q

Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma) - histology

A

contains embryogenic glomerular structures

35
Q

Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma) - mechanism

A

Loss of function mutation of tumor suppressor genes WT1 or WT2 on CH 11. MAY be part of several syndromes:

  1. WAGR complex
  2. Denys-Drash
  3. Beckwith-Wiedemann
36
Q

Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma) - may be part of several syndromes: …. (and mechanism)

A
  1. WAGR complex (WT1 deletion)
  2. Denys-Drash (WT1 deletion)
  3. Beckwith-Wiedemann (WT2 deletion)
37
Q

WAGR complex - manifestation

A

Wilms tumor
Aniridia
Genitourinary malformations
mental Retardation/intellectual disability

38
Q

Denys-Drash syndrome - manifestation

A
  1. Wilms tumor
  2. early onset nephrotic syndrome
  3. male pseudohermaphroditism
39
Q

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome manifestations

A
  1. Wilms
  2. macroglossia
  3. organomegaly
  4. hemihypertrophy (one side of the body or a part of one side of the body is larger than the other)
40
Q

Painless hematuria suggest

A

bladder cancer

41
Q

renal cell carcinoma vs oncocytoma according to origin

A

renal cell ca –> PCT

oncocytoma –> collecting ducts

Renal (15 decks)

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