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Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

MC primary renal cancer

A

Renal cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Renal cell carcinoma originates from

A

PCT cells

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3
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - histology

A

polygonal clear cells filled with accumulated lipids and carbohydrates

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4
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - gross appearance

A

golden yellow due to high lipid content

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5
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - MC in

A

men 50-70 years old

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6
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - risk factors

A
  1. Smoking
  2. obesity
  3. gene deletion of chromosome 3 (sporadic or inheritance as von Hippel-Lindau
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7
Q

von Hippel-Lindau disease - manifestations

A
  1. hemangioblastomas in retina, brain stem, cerebellum, spine
  2. angiomatosis (cavernous hemangiomas in skin, mucosa, orgnas)
  3. bilateral renal cell carcinoma
  4. pheochromocytomas
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8
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - clinical manifestations

A
  1. hematuria
  2. palpable mass
  3. polyceytmemia
  4. flank pain
  5. fever
  6. weight loss
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9
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - metastasis

A

Invade renal vein then IVC and spreads hematogenously –> metastasizes to lung and bone

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10
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  1. EPO
  2. ACTH
  3. PTHrP
  4. RENIN
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11
Q

neoplasms that produce erythropoietin

A 
1. Renal cell carcinoma 
2, hemangioblastoma
3. hepatocellular carcinoma 
4. leiomyoma 
5. pheochromocytoma
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12
Q

neoplasms that produce ACTH (cushing syndrome)

A
  1. small cell carcinoma of the lung

2. renal cell carcinoma

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13
Q

neoplasma that causes paraneoplastic hypercalcemia (and why)

A
  1. Hodgkin and 2. non-Hodgkin lymphoma (1,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol))
  2. SCC of the lung
  3. renal cell carcinoma
  4. breast cancer
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14
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - prognosis? (why)

A

poor:

  1. Resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy
  2. Silent cancer –> comonly presents as a metastatic neoplasm
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15
Q

Renal cell carcinoma - treatment

A
  1. resection if localized disease
  2. immunotherapy (aldesleukin, INF-α, Bevacizumab)
    - -> resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy
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16
Q

Renal oncocytoma - definition/origin

A

benign epithelial cell tumor arising from collecting ducts

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17
Q

Renal oncocytoma - gross appearance

A

well circumscribed mass with central scar

18
Q

Renal oncocytoma - histological appearance

A

Large eosinophilic cells with abundant mitochondria WITHOUT PERINUCLEAR CLEARING vs chromophobe renal cell carcinoma)

19
Q

Renal oncocytoma - clinical manifestations

A
  1. painless hematuria
  2. flank pain
  3. abdominal mass
20
Q

Renal oncocytoma - treatment

A

often rsected to exclude malignancy

21
Q

renal oncocytoma vs chromophobe renal cell carcinoma according to histology

A

renal oncocytoma –> without perinuclear clearing

renal cell carcinoma –> Perinuclear halos usually prominent

22
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder - mechanism

A

Chronic irritation of urinary bladder –> squamous metaplasia –> dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma

23
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder - clinical manifestation

A

painless hematuria

24
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder - risk factors

A
  1. Schistosoma haematobium infection (Middle East)
  2. Chrinic cystitis
  3. smoking
  4. chronic nephrolithiasis
25
Schistosoma - bugs/transmission/treatment
1. S. haemoatobium 2. S. mansoni 3. S. japonicum transmission: snail are host cercarieae penetrate skin of humans treatment: praziquantel
26
Schistosoma - disease
Liver and spleen enlargement (S. mansoni S. japonicum), fibrosis and inflammation, portal hypertension chronic infection with S. haematobium --> SCC of the bladder and pulmonary hypertension
27
MC tumor of urinary tract system
Transition cell carcinoma
28
Transition cell carcinoma can occur in (location)
1. renal calyces 2. renal pelvis 3. ureters 4. bladders
29
Transition cell carcinoma - manifestations
painless hematuria
30
Transition cell carcinoma is associated with .... (risk factors)
1. Phenacetin 2. smoking 3. Aniline dyes 4. Cyclophosphamide
31
phenacetin has declined because of
its adverse effects, which include risk of certain cancers and kidney damage
32
transitional cell carcinoma - histology
1. Dysplastic urothelium | 2. Fibrovascular core in papillary tumor
33
MC renal malignancy of eraly childhood (2-4 age)
Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma)
34
Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma) - histology
contains embryogenic glomerular structures
35
Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma) - mechanism
Loss of function mutation of tumor suppressor genes WT1 or WT2 on CH 11. MAY be part of several syndromes: 1. WAGR complex 2. Denys-Drash 3. Beckwith-Wiedemann
36
Wimls tumor (nephroblastoma) - may be part of several syndromes: .... (and mechanism)
1. WAGR complex (WT1 deletion) 2. Denys-Drash (WT1 deletion) 3. Beckwith-Wiedemann (WT2 deletion)
37
WAGR complex - manifestation
Wilms tumor Aniridia Genitourinary malformations mental Retardation/intellectual disability
38
Denys-Drash syndrome - manifestation
1. Wilms tumor 2. early onset nephrotic syndrome 3. male pseudohermaphroditism
39
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome manifestations
1. Wilms 2. macroglossia 3. organomegaly 4. hemihypertrophy (one side of the body or a part of one side of the body is larger than the other)
40
Painless hematuria suggest
bladder cancer
41
renal cell carcinoma vs oncocytoma according to origin
renal cell ca --> PCT | oncocytoma --> collecting ducts

Renal (15 decks)

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