cancer 4

Question 1

what trial is designed to determine the safe and appropriate dose?

Answer 1

phase 1

Question 2

what is phase II?

Answer 2

designed to determine the effectiveness and side effects of the new drug in one type of cancer

Question 3

what trial tests the effectiveness of new drug and compares it to the best available standard treatment?

Answer 3

phase 3

Question 4

what is phase 4?

Answer 4

determines the long-term safety and effectiveness of new drug

Question 5

what is ABL?

Answer 5

protooncogene that codes for a protein that normally functions as a tyrosine kinase

Question 6

what happens to ABL in CML?

Answer 6

due to its fusion with Bcr protein, the Abl protein kinase becomes constitutively active.

Question 7

in CML, what is responsible for malignant transformation?

Answer 7

Bcr-Abl fusion protein

Question 8

what is the treatment option for APL?

Answer 8

All trans-Retinoic Acid

Question 9

what are the toxicities of Retinoic acid?

Answer 9

1. increase in white blood count (leukocyte activation syndrome or retinoic acid syndrome)

Question 10

what is leukocyte activation syndrome?

Answer 10

involves fever, resp. distress, weight gain, pleural or pericardial effusion

Question 11

toxicity of Trastuzumab (HERCEPTIN?)

Answer 11

1. ventricular dysfunction and congestive heart failure

2. can enhance the cardiac toxicity of doxorubicin

Question 12

what is the treatment for Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

Answer 12

Rituximab

Question 13

what is follicular lymphoma?

Answer 13

1. a type of Non-hodgkin lymphoma
2. mostly affects older adults
3. t(14;18)

Question 14

what is Rituximab?

Answer 14

a chimeric monoclonal antibody with variable region of mice IgG but constant region and Fc portion from human

Question 15

what is the mech of Rituximab?

Answer 15

1. binds to CD20 antigen

Question 16

how does Rituximab eliminate CD20 positive follicular lymphoma cells by

Answer 16

1. direct activation of apoptosis
2. complement activation
3. cell-mediated cytotoxity

Question 17

what gene mutation is involved in melanoma?

Answer 17

BRAF mutation found in 45-50% of cutaneous melanomas

Question 18

what is used for treatment of melanomas harboring BRAF mutations?

Answer 18

Vemurafenib

Question 19

Vemurafenib is

Answer 19

a BRAF inhibitor

Question 20

what are two immunotherapy agents for Melanoma?

Answer 20

1. ipilimumab

2. Interleukin-2

Question 21

how does Ipilimumab work?

Answer 21

it functions as a Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Antigen 4 inhibitor

Question 22

what is CTLA-4?

Answer 22

a surface receptor present on T cells, functions to down-regulate the cellular immune system –> by inhibiting CTLA-4, ipilimumab is expected to stimulate immune system.

Question 23

chromosome 22 has

Answer 23

BCR

Question 24

chromosome 9 has

Answer 24

abl

Question 25

treatment options for CML?

Answer 25

hydroxyurea or interferon alpha based regimen with allogenic stem-cell transplantation

Question 26

intrinsic resistance could be b/c

Answer 26

pts with persistent Bcr-Abl kinase activity

Question 27

Imatinib mesylate is also used for

Answer 27

gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST)

Question 28

GIST harbor activating mutaion gene in

Answer 28

KIT

Question 29

off-label use of Imatinib is

Answer 29

APL

Question 30

APL involves what kind of translocation?

Answer 30

15;17

Question 31

retinoic acid therapy of APL is considered as

Answer 31

earliest example of Molecular targeted therapy

Question 32

the mech of retinoic acid?

Answer 32

induce differentiation and apoptosis

Question 33

what is the toxicity of retinoic acid?

Answer 33

leukocyte activation

Question 34

HER2 mediate effects via

Answer 34

ADCC (antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity)