Cancer 1

Question 1

what are the types of conventional chemotherapeutic agents?

Answer 1

1. alkylating agents
2. antimetabolites
3. natural products
4. miscellaneous agents
5. hormones and antagonist

Question 2

what are the examples of alkylating agents?

Answer 2

nitrogen mustard, erthylenimines & methylmelaines, nitrosoureas (cyclophosphamide, carmustine)

Question 3

what are the examples of antimetabolites

Answer 3

purine & pyrimidine analogs (5-FU, Gemcitabine, 6-MP)

Question 4

what the examples of natural products?

Answer 4

vinca alkaloids, taxanes

Question 5

miscellaneous agents

Answer 5

cisplatin, carboplatin, hydroxyurea, mitoxantrone

Question 6

what are the two major proteins that control cell cycle progression?

Answer 6

1. cyclins (the regulatory proteins)

2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Question 7

Cyclin + Cdk function as

Answer 7

heterodimers that phosphorylate target proteins

Question 8

Cdks have no kinase activity unless associated with a

Answer 8

cyclin

Question 9

cycline determines

Answer 9

which proteins to be phosphorylated by the cycin-Cdk complex

Question 10

what result in the release of E2F?

Answer 10

hyperphosphorylation of Rb

Question 11

what is the role of E2F?

Answer 11

it activates the transcription of genes whose products control progression from G1 to S phase

Question 12

how do cancer drugs such as cisplatin, doxorubicin work?

Answer 12

1. activate p53 –> activate p21

Question 13

(FA) what is apoptosis?

Answer 13

1. programmed cell death
2. ATP required
3. intrinsic or extrinsic pathway
4. both pathways lead to activation of cytosolic caspases

Question 14

define term pyknosis

Answer 14

nuclear shrinkage and basophilia

Question 15

karyorrhexis

Answer 15

nuclear fragmentation

Question 16

karyolysis

Answer 16

nuclear fading

Question 17

what are the molecular and biochemical changes in apoptosis?

Answer 17

1. activation of proteases: caspases and serine proteases
2. DNA fragmentation: nucleases
3. loss of mitochondrial membrane potential
4. cyctochrome C release from mitochondria into cytosol

Question 18

how are caspases utilized in mediating apoptosis?

Answer 18

they are utilized in a cascade known as “caspase cascade”

Question 19

what are the two major apoptotic pathways responsible for activation of caspase cascade?

Answer 19

1. death receptor-dependent pathway (extrinsic pathways)

2. mitochondrial pathway (intrinsic)

Question 20

(FA) what are the two extrinsic pathways?

Answer 20

1. ligand receptor interactions (Fas ligand binding to Fas (CD95))
2. Immune cell (cytotoxic T-cell release of perforin and granzyme B)

Question 21

(FA) what is the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 21

occurs during embryogenesis, hormone induction

Question 22

What is Bax?

Answer 22

pro-apoptotic

Question 23

What is Bcl-2?

Answer 23

anti-apoptotic

Question 24

what are the two types of anticancer drug resistance?

Answer 24

intrinsic or acquired

Question 25

some cancer cells with deficiency in Deoxycitidine kinase are

Answer 25

resistance to AraC