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Med Term Exam 5 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cac/o

A

bad

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2
Q

Carcin/o

A

cancer, cancerous

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3
Q

Follicul/o

A

small glandular sacs

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4
Q

Mut/a

A

genetic change

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5
Q

Necr/o

A

death

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6
Q

Plas/o

A

formation

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7
Q

Ple/o

A

many, more

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8
Q

Cachexia

A

general ill health and malnutrition associated w/ chronic severe disease

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9
Q

-blastoma

A

Immature tumor

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10
Q

-genesis

A

formation

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11
Q

-oma

A

tumor, mass

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12
Q
  • plasia

- plasm

A

formation, growth

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13
Q

-suppression

A

to stop

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14
Q

-therapy

A

treatment

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15
Q

Ana-

A

backward

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16
Q

Apo-

A

off, away

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17
Q

Brachy-

A

short

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18
Q

Meta-

A

beyond, change

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19
Q

Tele-

A

far

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20
Q

Anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation of cells, reverting to more primitive cell type. dedifferentiation.

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21
Q

Adjuvant therapy

A

treatment given after the primary treatment to increase the chances of a cure. may include chemo, radiation, hormone therapy, or biologic therapy.

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22
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

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23
Q

Infiltrative

A

extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues

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24
Q

Neoplasm

A

new growth; benign or malignant tumor

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25
Q

Oncogene

A

region of DNA in tumor cells that cause cancer

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26
Q

Palliative

A

relieving but not curing symptoms

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27
Q

Radiocurable tumor

A

tumor destroyed by radiation therapy

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28
Q

Radioresistant tumor

A

tumor requires large doses of radiation to be destroyed

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29
Q

Radiosensitive tumor

A

tumor in which radiation causes tumor death w/ minimal damage to surrounding tissue

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30
Q

Radiosensitizers

A

drugs that increase sensitivity of tumors to radiation therapy. Ex) cervical cancer pt will receive 5-fluorouracil & cisplatin to improve radiation treatment

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31
Q

Relapse

A

recurrence of tumor after treatment

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32
Q

Remission

A

partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease

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33
Q

Stereotactic radiosurgery

A

delivery of high dose radiation under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance

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34
Q

Characteristics of benign tumors

A
  • Slow growing
  • Encapsulated and noninvasive
  • Well differentiated
  • Non-metastatic
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35
Q

Characteristics of malignant tumors

A
  • Rapidly multiplying
  • Invasive and infiltrative
  • Anaplastic and undifferentiated
  • Metastatic
36
Q

Tumor grading

A

microscopic appearance of tumor cells

37
Q

Grade I tumor cell

A

very well differentiated

38
Q

Grade II tumor cell

A

intermediate in appearance, moderately differentiated

39
Q

Grade III tumor cell

A

poorly differentiated

40
Q

Grade IV tumor cell

A

so undifferentiated may be difficult to determine tissue origin

41
Q

TNM International staging system

A

Tumor - size and local degree of extension of the tumor
Nodes - number of lymph nodes invaded by the tumor
Metastasis - presence or absence of metastases

42
Q

Process of burning tissue to destroy it. Can be performed using electricity, lasers, dry ice, and chemicals.

A

Cauterization (electric = electrocautery)

43
Q

Placement of large bore needle that extracts a thin core of tissue

A

Core needle biopsy

44
Q

The use of extreme cold to destroy cells. For external tumors liquid nitrogen is applied directly to the abnormal cells w/ a cotton swab or spraying device. For internal tumors liquid nitrogen is circulated through an instrument which makes contact w/ the tumor (guided by ultrasound). Less invasive than surgery, only involving a small incision.

A

Cryosurgery (instrument is called a cryoprobe)

45
Q

Surgical procedure in which a lesion and surrounding tissue are removed in one piece. Ex) modified radical mastectomy, colectomy, gastrectomy.

A

En bloc resection

46
Q

Removal of a tumor (lesion) and part of the normal surrounding tissue. Produces a specimen for diagnosis. Can be curative for small tumors.

A

Excisional biopsy

47
Q

Surgical removal of the organs of a body cavity as well as the tumor. Pelvic ______ used for large recurrent cervical cancers (removal of uterus, ovaries, bladder and large segments of large bowel; 23% surgical mortality rate).

A

Exenteration

48
Q

The removal or destruction of diseased tissue using controlled electrical current. Also called electrocoagulation or electrocauterization.

A

Fulguration

49
Q

Surgical procedure that is focused on sampling or removing abnormal tissue from a site of the body to make a definitive diagnosis.

A

Incisional biopsy

50
Q

Type of advanced cancer treatment in which radioactive “seeds” are placed in or near the tumor itself, giving a high radiation dose while reducing the radiation exposure in the surrounding healthy tissue.

A

Brachytherapy

51
Q

Treatment by electrons accelerated to high energies by a machine such as the betatron. Used mainly for lesion situated at or near the surface. Unlike x-rays, electrons deliver the maximum dose to the first few cm of tissue with rapidly decreasing dose as depth increases. The depth of the high dose region can be varied by varying the electron energy.

A

Electron beams

52
Q

A method of irradiation in which the source of radiation is outside the body. The beam must always traverse the skin and some normal tissue except w/ a superficial lesion.

A

External beam radiation (teletherapy)

53
Q

A defined area that will be bombarded by radiation

A

Fields

54
Q

A method of dividing the total dose of radiation into small repeated doses to prevent damage to normal surrounding tissue

A

Fractionation

55
Q

International unit of measure of absorbed radiation dose. Equal to 100 rad.

A

Gray (Gy)

56
Q

Electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for the treatment of deep tumors

A

Linear accelerator

57
Q

Treatment which is able to focus on very small areas, possibly rather deep in the body, without damaging the surrounding tissues. Favored for treating certain kinds of tumors where conventional x-ray radiotherapy would damage surrounding radio-sensitive tissues (optical nerves, spinal cord) or where it is important not to leave any residual radioactivity which previously would have been surgically removed from the surrounding tissues.

A

Proton therapy

58
Q

Unit of radiation quantity. Equal to an energy absorption of 0.01 joule/kG of any material.

A

Rad (radiation absorbed dose)

59
Q

The use of anti-cancer (cytotoxic) drugs to destroy cancer cells. There are over 50 different drugs; some may be given on their own but often several are combined. These drugs interfere w/ the ability of the cancer cell to divide & reproduce itself (different drugs do this differently).

A

Chemotherapy (if several drugs used, combination chemotherapy)

60
Q

Family of anti-cancer drugs that interfere w/ the cell’s DNA and inhibits cancer cell growth. Side effects include N/V, diarrhea, myelosuppression & alopecia.

A

Alkylating agents

61
Q

Drugs which bind to the DNA in the cell preventing replication; produced by bacteria or fungi.

A

Antibiotics

62
Q

Drugs that inhibit the synthesis of substances that are necessary components of DNA or possibly block the replication of DNA.

A

Antimetabolites

63
Q

Chemicals from plants & animals which are used in combination w/ other chemo drugs.

A

Antimitotics

64
Q

Alternative to chemotherapy which is a more effective form of breast cancer adjuvant therapy than chemo. If combined w/ chemo it would give even better results.

A

Hormonal agents

65
Q

Test that measures the level of proteins in the blood or on the surface of tumor cells.

A

Protein marker tests

66
Q

Sample of bone marrow usually taken from the hip

A

Bone marrow biopsy

67
Q

Stem cells or bone marrow from a donor are transplanted into the patient to treat cancer which is in the bone marrow such as leukemia. Stem cell or bone marrow transplants allow much higher doses of chemo, improving the chances of curing the disease

A

Allogenic bone marrow transplant

68
Q

Stem cells or bone marrow from the patient themselves are removed & stored before the high dose treatments, and then given back via infusion.

A

Autologous bone marrow transplant

69
Q

Minimally invasive endoscopic examination of the large colon & the distal part of the small bowel w/ a camera on a flexible tube passed through the anus. May provide visual diagnosis & grants the opportunity for biopsy of suspected

A

Fiberoptic colonoscopy

70
Q

Totally non-invasive method of examination of the colon. Uses 3D imagery reconstructed from computed tomography (CAT) scans. Non-standard and still under investigation.

A

Virtual colonoscopy

71
Q

Alternative to histological biopsy which relies on cells being shed naturally from a surface. These can be collected w/o damage to the body & can be used for screening. Ex) pap smear of the cervix

A

Exfoliative cytology

72
Q

Test which uses x-ray technology along w/ an injection of contrast to view lymphatic circulation and lymph nodes for diagnostic evaluation.

A

Lymphangiography (aka lymph node angiogram)

73
Q

Specific type of imaging that uses a low-dose x-ray system for the examination of breasts.

A

Mammography

74
Q

A screening tool to detect early breast cancer in women experiencing no symptoms (can detect cancer up to 2 years before a patient/physician can feel them) and to detect & diagnose breast disease in women experiencing symptoms such as a lump, pain, or nipple discharge.

A

Mammography exam (mammogram)

75
Q

Evaluation of contents of the abdomen for the purpose of determining extent of disease

A

Staging laparotomy

76
Q

Test used to identify areas of increased metabolic activity in the assessment of tumor activity & metastasis. Positron emission tomography combined w/ computed tomography scan.

A

PET/CT scan

77
Q

Imaging technique that uses a small dose of radioactive chemical called a tracer (either venously injected or swallowed) to identify areas of cancer growth, trauma, infection, or degenerative disorders. Tracer emits gamma rays which can be detected by a gamma camera.

A

Radionuclide scans

78
Q

Acid phosphatase

A

Prostate cancer marker

79
Q

AFP

A

Liver & testicular cancer marker

80
Q

Beta-HCG

A

Choriocarcinoma & testicular cancer marker

81
Q

CA-125

A

Ovarian cancer marker

82
Q

CEA

A

Colorectal & GI cancer marker

83
Q

Estrogen receptor

A

Breast cancer marker

84
Q

PSA

A

Prostate cancer marker

85
Q

CA 15.3 & 29.7

A

Breast cancer markers

86
Q

CA 19.9

A

Pancreatic cancer marker

Med Term Exam 5 (4 decks)

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