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Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

A term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues

General name for a group o more than 100 diseased

Balance between cell growth and cell death is disrupted

(mitosis out of whack)

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2
Q

Cancerous cells

A

malignant cells

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3
Q

Carcinoma

A

cancer that begins in the skin or in the tissues that line or cover internal organs

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4
Q

Sarcoma

A

cancer that begins in the bone, cartilage, fat muscle, blood vessels or other connective or supportive tissue

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5
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer that starts in the blood forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood

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6
Q

Lymphoma and myeloma

A

cancers that begin in he cells of the immune system

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7
Q

Central nervous system cancers

A

cancers that begin in the tissue of the brain and the spinal chord

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8
Q

What is the word cancer derived form

A

crab

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9
Q

benign

A

tumors that do not spread

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10
Q

neoplasms

A

new growth

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11
Q

How often does cancer cause deaths in the United states

A

malinant neoplasms are ranked the second cause of death after diseases of the heart

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12
Q

What is the prevalance of cancer?

A

Cancer increases as individuals age
Higher in persons aged 75 years an over

Rates are higher in men than in women

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13
Q

Most common forms of cancer in men

A

Prostate 29%
Lung and bronchus (14%)
Colon and rectum (9%)
Urinary bladder 6 %

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14
Q

Most common forms of cancer in women

A 
breast 30%
Lung and bronchus 14%
colon and rectum 9%
Uterine corpus 6%
Thyroid 5%
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15
Q

Lifetime probabilty of men developing cancer

A

all sites - 1 in 2
Prostate - 1 in 6
Lung and bronchus - 1 in 14
Colon and rectum 1 in 18

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16
Q

Lifetime probability of women developing cancer

A 
All sites - 1 in 3
Breast - 1 in 8
Lung and bronchus - 1 in 16
colon and rectum - 1 in 20
uterine corpus - 1 in 40
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17
Q

Death rates of cancer in different races

A

African americans have the highest death rates, followed by whites

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18
Q

Common signs and symptoms of cancer

A 
unexplained weight loss
chills 
loss of appetite
fatigue, malaise
Pain
Blood
Skin changes - hyperpigmentation, jaundice, reddened skin, itchiness
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19
Q

Tests for cancer screening and diagnosis

A 
blood tests (looks for chemicals/tumor markers)
Cells
Biopsy of tumor
Bone marrow biopsy
Xray
Complete blood count
CT scan
MRI scan
Endoscopy
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20
Q

Treatment options for cancer

A

Surgery - removal of tumor
Chemotherapy - >100 chemo drugs, used to stop spreas, slow cancer growth, kill cancer cells that have spread and relieve symptoms
Radiation - high energ waves to shrink cancer cells
OTher (hormon therap, immunotherapy)

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21
Q

The cell cycle

A
  1. Gap 1
  2. Synthesis
  3. Gap 2
  4. Mitosis
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22
Q

Signals for cell division

A

extenal signaling molecules initiate cell division
-signals molecules to bind target cells
sends signal to nucleus
-turns on genes responsible for cell division

Estrogen and IGF-1 simulate the Gap 1 phase of cell division

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23
Q

What are security checkpoints for cell division

A

Checkpoints verify proper division - if the DNA is fully replicated, if the DNA is damaged, are there enough nutrients to support cell growth

Normal cells stop dividing until the problem is corrected but the cancer cells continue to grow and divide

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24
Q

What are the signals to end cell division?

A

Lack of positive external signals
Contact inhibition - cells sense surroundings and respond to changes, cells stop dividing if it senses being surrounded on all sides by other cells
Cellular senescence - cells get old ( preprogrammed limit to the number of times they can divide)

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25
Cancerous cell division
Cancerous cells can divide without appropriate external signals Do no exhibit contact inhibition Can divide without receiving the all clear signal Cancer cells are immortal - there is no limit to he number of times they can divide ( proliferate uncontrollably) Cancer cells invade local tissues Cancer cells spread or metastasize to other parts of the body
26
Nutritional difficulties caused by chemotherapy
change in taste diarrhea, consitpation, mucositis
27
Nutritional difficulties caused by radiation
changes in taste, fatigue, anorexia, mucositis
28
Nutritional difficulties caused by surgery
Fatigue, pain, anorexia
29
Nutritional difficulties caused by immunotherapy
Flu like symptoms causing lack of appetite
30
Nutritional difficulties caused by bone marrow transplant
Nausea, vomiiting, diarrhea, xerotomea, taste alterations Have to be completely isolated for a year to two years Cancers can still come back
31
What is intravasation?
the escape from the blood vessel after the cancerous cells enter the blood vessel - Attachment to endothelial cells - Retraction and/or attachment to denuded basement membrane - Enzyme digestion and movement through the basement membrane - Escape into the interstitial space
32
What allows cancer cells to spread?
Replicating cancer cells secrete collagen dissolving enzymes that allow their spread
33
What stops cancer cells from degrading the collagen matrix?
Vitamin C l-lysine and l-proline pholyphenol fraction of green tea
34
What are genetic alterations that can cause cancer?
``` Altered proteins Loss of degradation signals chromosomal rearrangements Gene amplification viral insertion into a chromosome Loss or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes ```
35
The big picture of what causes cancer
An accumulation of mutations in DNA repair genes, tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes It is a multistage process involving multiple genetic alterations
36
What are the risk factors for cancer?
carcinogens - substances that have the ability to cause cancer Geneotoxic - induces neoplasms by directly altering DNA (radiation, epoxides, nitrosamines) Epigenetic - causes alterations in cell division and growth by a means other than altering DNA (hormones, organic compounds)
37
What are everyday carcinogens?
Lifestyle factors: - nutrition - tobacco - physical activity ``` Environmental factors: UV light Radon gas Infectious agents pollution parasites, bacteria, viruses ``` Medical factors: Radiation Immune system-suppressing drugs after surgery
38
What types of cancer can alcohol commonly cause?
mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus
39
What types of cancer can scalding hot food/drinks commonly cause?
mouth, pharynx, larynx and esophagus
40
What types of cancer can asbestos commonly cause?
respiratory tract
41
What types of cancer can fermented foods commonly cause?
stomach cancer
42
What types of cancer can estrogens commonly cause?
endometrial, ovarian, breast cancer
43
What types of cancer can hepatitis B & C commonly cause?
liver
44
What types of cancer can aflatoxin commonly cause?
Liver cancer
45
What types of cancer can h. pylori commonly cause?
stomach cancer
46
What types of cancer can x-radiation commonly cause?
leukemia, breast, lung, mouth etc.
47
What is Aflatoxin?
a carcinogen found in food - very toxic metaboliltes - Induce hepatocarcinomas, tumors - even very low levels increase incidence of liver cancer in man - Induce gene mutations - Cause unscheduled DNA synthesis
48
What are plant originated carcinogens?
pyrrolizidine alkaloids - causes hepatic damage, induces sarcoma ptaquiloside - causes adenocarcinoma, bladder carcinoma (boiling destroys activity, present in fern) mushroom hydrazines - argaritine present in many mushrooms alkenyl-benzenes - safrole = oil of the sassafras, estragole present in tarragon and sweet basil -induce hepatoma and angiosarcoma in mice
49
What are nitrosamines?
mutagenic and carcinogenic Formed by the reaction of secondary amines with nitrite (caused by high temperatures that occur when frying - may be responsible for the thousands of cases of colon cancer per year) Nitrite exists in various foods and is produced endogenously from nitrate present in vegetables Processed meats are a major source
50
What are the carcinogens in heat materials?
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cigarette smoke, exhaust gas, cooked food) Heterocyclic amines - mutagenic (smoke condensate, charred material)
51
What are the components in food that can promote carcinogenesis?
Sodium cholride - human gastric cancer -enhances development of adenoma and adenocarcinoma Fat - high risk of colon and breast cancer (omega 6 PUFA enhance carcinogenicity
52
What are possible modular targets for nutrients to prevent carcinogenesis?
1. Inhibit genetic damage - Endo/exogenous - inhibit carcinogen uptake - inhibit activation - enhance detoxification - prevent binding to DNA, RNA or protein 2. Repair structural/functional genetic defects - enhance endogenous repair - restore proper methylation - scavenge oxygen radicals 3. Eliminate damaged cell/clones - Induce apoptosis - promote differentiation - immunosurveillance 4. suppress growth and clonal evolution - slow or stop proliferation - inhibit invasion - inhibit angiogenesis
53
What are the alterations in CHO metabolism in cancer?
Glucose intolerance - -increased endogenous glucose production - -increased resistance to endogenous and exogenous insulin - -inadequate insulin release Increased glucose turnover Increased glucose oxidation Increased Cori cycle -Formation of lactate-wasted energy
54
What are the alterations in PRO metabolism in cancer?
Increased protein turnover - -hepatic synthesis - -increased muscle protein degredation - -impaired protein synthesis in many tissues Increased catabolism of muscle protein
55
What are the alterations in FAT metabolism in cancer?
Depletion of adipose tissue and lipid stores as seen in malnutrition Imbalance between lipogenesis and lypolysis - -decreased food intake - -stress response - -insulin resistance - -release of lipolytic factors
56
What are nutritional cancer therapies?
Oral diet therapy -modified diet based on pathophysiologic changes Enteral nutrition -avoids discomfort in the mouth, esophagus or stomach from eating Parenteral nutrition - TPN benefits only a select subgroup of patient - May be helpful for avoiding GI distress from cancer or from therapy Pharmacotherapy to improve appetite and intake -hormones, appetite stimulants, cytokine antagonists
57
Contribution of obesity and overweight to cancer
14% of all cancer deaths in men 20% of all cancer deaths in women a total of 90, 000 cancer deaths each year
58
What are the ACS Recommendations for Cancer prevention?
1. Eat a variety of healthful foods, with an emphasis on plant sources - 5 or more servings of fruits and vegs - whole grains instead of refined grains and sugars - limit red meats, especially high in fat and processed - choose foods that help maintain a healthful weight 2. Adopt a physically active lifestyle 3. Maintain a healthful weight throughout life - overweight and obesity associated with increased risk for breast, colon, endometrial, adenocarcinomic, gallbladder, pancreatic and kidney cancer 4. If you drink alcoholic beverages, limit consumption - no more than 2 drinks/day for men, 1 drink/day for women - established cause of cancer in the mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver and breast
59
Why should you eat more fruits and vegetables?
Associated with lower risk of high blood pressure, CVD, Type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer Low in calories and full of nutrients --Folate, vit C, trace minerals, fiber & phytochemicals (carotenoids, flavonoids, terpenes, sterols, indoles, phenols)
60
Do pesticides cause cancer?
There is no evidence to support that organic foods reduce cancer
61
What are the non organic produce highest in pesticide residue?
cherries, grapes, strawberries, apples, celery, nectarines, pears, spinach, potatoes, bell peppers, lettuce, peaches -the dirty dozen
62
Non-organic produce lowest in pesticide residue?
Mangoes, broccoli, avocados, cabbage, sweat peas (frozen), sweet corn (frozed), onions, asparagus, papayas, pineapple, bananas, kiwi, eggplant, watermelon, sweet potato
63
Do supplements reduce cancer?
No evidence | The synergy of nutrients and phytochemicals in real, whole foods cannot be found in a single synthetic pill
64
Why should you eat whole grains?
Important source of vitamins and minerals associated with lower risk of colon cancer -vit e, folate, selenium
65
Why should you limit red and processed meats?
High fat diets associated with increased risk of prostate, and endometrial cancers -high fats and breast cancer associations are weak Red meats are associated with colon and prostate cancer Saturated fat may increase risk of both cancer and heart disease choose lower fat cooking method - avoid charring
66
What are the potential underlying mechanisms in exposure arising from cooking and preserving methods?
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) N-nitroso compound (NOC) precursors (nitrites and nitrates)
67
Heterocyclic amines (HCAs)
reaction between amino acids, sugars & creatinine or creatine -Longer cooking times, higher internal temperatures and greater external charring
68
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
grilling meat over a direct flame
69
N-nitroso compound (NOC) precursors (nitrites and nitrates)
from meat processing/preserving methods - endogenous and exogenous production - nitrosating agents: nitrites (or nitrated reduced to nitrites) - nitrosatable substrates: secondary amine or amide from protein or amide like compound (creatine or creatinine)
70
How much physical activity should you engage in to prevent cancer?
Adults - engage in at least moderate activity for 30 mins or more on five or more days of the week; 45 mins or more of moderate to vigorous activity may further enhance reduction in the risk of breast and colon cancer Children and adolescents - engage in at least 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity at least five days per week --Improves energy metabolism, reduces circulating concentrations of insulin and related growth factors (decreases risk for diabetes which has been associated with cancer of the colon, pancreas and others)

Nutrition 452 (7 decks)

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