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Pathophysiology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is a point Mutation?

A

Known as a single base substitution.

Causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA

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2
Q

What are the Different Types of Cancer?

Where do they Arise from?

A
  1. Carcinoma–> Epithelial/Squamous tissue
  2. Sarcoma–> Connective Tissue
  3. Adenocarcinoma–> Ductal/Glandular
  4. Lymphoma–> Lymph tissue
  5. Leukemia–> Blood
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3
Q

Give Examples of Each Cancer Type

A
  1. Carcinoma–> Conjunctiva (Eye)
  2. Sarcoma–> Vastus Lateralis
  3. Adenocarcinoma–> Papilla of Vater & PANCREAS
  4. Lymphoma–> Non-Hodgkin’s
  5. Leukemia–> B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic
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4
Q

Define Cancer

A
  1. A Malignant Tumor is a tissue overgrowth
  2. Independent from the laws that govern normal cells
  3. Neoplasm overgrowth serves no useful purpose
  4. Benign Tumors Are NOT Considered Cancer
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5
Q

Define Neoplasm

A

“New Growth”

Any swelling due to Inflammation

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6
Q

What are the Properties of Benign Tumors?

A
  1. Slow Growth
  2. Have a well-defined capsule
  3. Not Invasive
  4. Not Differentiated
  5. Low Mitotic Index
  6. Does not Metastasize
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7
Q

What are the Properties of Malignant Tumors?

A
  1. Rapid Growth
  2. Not encapsulated
  3. Invade Local Structures & Tissues
  4. Poorly Differentiated
  5. High Mitotic Index
  6. Can metastasize
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8
Q

How Does Cancer Develop?

A

Multi-Factoral:

  1. Genetically
  2. Chemically
  3. Environment
  4. Viral/Immunologic
  5. Causes yet undefined
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9
Q

How Many Changes in a Gene of DNA are Required for Cancer to develop?

A

@ Least 4–5 changes over many years.

“Hits”

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10
Q

What are Tumor Cell Markers?

A
  1. Substances that are present in Benign & Malignant Tumors.
  2. Can be found In, On the Tumor or in the Blood, Spinal Fluid, or Urine.
  3. These Substances Include:
    a. Hormones
    b. Enzymes
    c. Genes
    d. Antigens
    e. Antibodies
  4. Ex: AFP, PSA, CEA
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11
Q

What Are Tumor Markers Used For?

A
  1. Screen & identify individuals @ high risk for cancer
  2. Help Dx specific type of tumor in individuals c clinical manifestations
  3. Follow clinical course/determine efficiency of treatment
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12
Q

What do Cycline Dependent Kinases do?

A

They control check point transitions between phases in the cell cycle

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13
Q

Do Cancer Cells Enter the Cell Cycle?

A
  1. Frequently
  2. Found mostly in
    a. Synthesis
    b. Mitosis
  3. They DO NOT spend much time resting
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14
Q

What do cancer cells do to the cell cycle?

A
  1. Alters cell cycle
  2. Growth Factors signal outside the cell that may ignite the cell cycle
  3. Activates transmembrane proteins (Tyrosine Kinase) allowing signal transduction for DNA Replication!!
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15
Q

Anaplasia

A
  1. Lost ability of a cell to differentiate or resemble the original cell
  2. Usually found on Malignant Tumors
  3. Difficult to tell where cancer originated bc they typically look like other cancer cells not from the tissue they originated.
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16
Q

What are Characteristics of Cancer Cells?

A
  1. Autonomy: Lack contact inhibition; Decrease need for external Growth Factor
  2. Anchorage Independent: Can continue to grow s being attached to anything(floating)
  3. Immortal: Unlimited Lifespan; Continues to divide
  4. Anaplasia: No differentiation = No control of growth
  5. Pleomorphism: Variable Size & Shape!
17
Q

How do cancer cells change the host cell?

A 
1. Cell Membrane:
>Fibronectin
>Changes cell organization
 >Structure, Adhesion, Migration
2. Permeability of cell is altered
3. Density/cell shape
4. Communication
5. Cytoskeleton 
>Protein filament network
>Shape & Movement
18
Q

Fibronectin

A

A glycoprotein that holds cells in place

19
Q

Oncogenes

A
  1. Encode proteins that promote normal growth.
  2. Overexpression or Amplification causes gain of function (Abnormal)
  3. Oncogenes can transform Normal Cells to Cancer Cells!!
  4. In normal state they regulate healthy proliferation
20
Q

Pre-Oncogene

A

A normal gene that regulates normal growth & development by encoding for growth factor & growth factor receptors

21
Q

Tumor Suppressor Gene

A

Encodes proteins that inhibit proliferation (Abnormal Growth) & prevents or repairs mutations

22
Q

Telomere

A
  1. Are @ the ends of each chromosome blocking/inhibiting cell division
  2. Telomerase maintains telomeres.
  3. Cancer cells activate telomerase to DEACTIVATE talomere so they can continually divide
23
Q

Additional Changes in the Cell that Result in Cancer

A
  1. Point Mutations
  2. Chromosome Translocation
  3. Gene Amplification
  4. Loss of Heterozygosity
  5. Epigenic Silencing
24
Q

What is Angiogenesis?

A
  1. New Blood Vessel Growth
  2. Cancer Cells produce angiogenic growth factors.
  3. Advanced cancers can secrete several factors that stimulate new blood vessel growth
  4. They initiate proliferation of existing blood vessels which allows small cancer to grow LARGE
25
Q

How are cancers so strong?

A
  1. Self-sufficient in growth signaling
  2. Insensitive to Anti-growth signals
  3. Evades Apoptosis
  4. Limitless replicative potential
  5. Sustains angiogenesis
  6. Ability to Metastasize
26
Q

Inflammation & Cancer

A
  1. Inflamed cells release Cytokine & activate free radicals which promote mutations
  2. ** Inflammation turns ON ONCOGENES**
  3. Over time results in the wrong cells getting growth factors needed to grow and develop
27
Q

Growth Factors

A

Signals outside of the cell that initiate the cell cycle

28
Q

Virus’s that cause cancer

A
  1. Epstein-Barrvirus–> Burkitt’s Lymphoma
  2. HIV–> Kaposis Sarcoma
  3. Hep B–> Hepatocellular carcinoma
  4. HPV–> Squamous cell Carcinoma
29
Q

Bacterial causes of cancer

A

Helicobactor Pylori:

  1. Peptic Ulcer Disease
  2. Gastric Lymphomas
  3. Gastric Carcinomas
30
Q

Characteristics of Angiogenesis

A
  1. A tumor could not grow > 2–3mm^2 s new blood supply

2. Provides a mechanism of nutrition & escape from original site

31
Q

In order for Metastasis to occur…

A

You need the right cell (seed) & the right Organ (soil) in which to grow

32
Q

Contact Inhibition

A
  1. The cancer cells continue to grow & crowd eventually piling up on each other like a traffic jam/accident.
  2. Normal cells must be attached to a surface, cancer cells do not
33
Q

Cancer Immortality

A
  1. Normal cells may only divide 10–50 times in their lifespan
  2. Cancer cells have an unlimited lifespan & will continue to divide for years
34
Q

Tx of Cancer: Chemotherapy

A
  1. Most cytotoxic drugs work by disrupting DNA
  2. They affect any cell that is dividing rapidly @ that time:
    a. Bone Marrow
    b. Hair Follicles
    c. Mucosal Cells
35
Q

What are the affects of Chemotherapy?

A
  1. Immediate:
    a. Extravasation-CA enters organs
    b. Hyperkalemia
    c. Hyperphosphatemia
    d. Hypocalcemia
    e. Renal Impairment
  2. Acute–Post Chemotherapy (W/I 24hrs)
    a. N/V
  3. 10–14 days p administration:
    a. Blood count falls
    b. Mouth ulcers occur
    c. Taste changes
    d. Diarrhea
  4. Months on Chemotherapy:
    a. Heart & Kidneys are affected
  5. Late Toxicities:
    a. Infertility
    b. Early Menopause
36
Q

Important Electrolytes to track c a pt on Chemo

A
  1. K+–> Hyper = >5
  2. Phos–>Hyper =>4.5
  3. Ca++–> Hypo <8.5
37
Q

Radiotherapy for Cancer pt

A
  1. Damages or Kills ALL cells in a specific area
  2. Tx for 6 wks
  3. Tx must be limited bc it affects normal cells too.
  4. Can cause localized & systemic effects

Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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