Cancer Flashcards
What is another name for a tumor
Neoplasm
What is a harmful byproduct of a benign tumor
A mass effect (crushes near structures
How do malignant tumors travel
Tumor sheds cells that get carried by circulatory system and grow in distant sites
How do malignant cells look under a microscope
Disorganized and undifferentiated
Malignant cells grow rapid. How do they maintain nutrients
Create their own small vessels
What is associated with a malignant tumor
Necrosis, ulceration, cavity formation
Where does carcinoma arise from
Epithelial tissue
What tissue does adenocarcinomas arise from
Glandular
What tissue does sarcoma arise from
Connective tissue
What is another name for lung cancer
Bronchogenic carcinoma
What tissue is impacted by lung cancer
Epithelialium
What are non-small cell carcinomas
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large cell carcinoma
Types of small cell lung carcinoma
Oat cell cancer
Combined or mixed small cell carcinoma
What percent of lung cancer is SCLC
10-15%
What is the strongest correlation to development of SCLC
Smoking
How does SCLC tumors grow
Fast
Large
Spread early
Survive of SCLC w/o treatment
1-3 months
What percent of people with SCLC respond to treatment
90%
Within what time do patients w/ SCLC relapse
24months
What percent of lung cancer is squamous cell carcinoma
25-30%
How does squamous cell carcinoma grow
Slow
Spreads late
Arises in central bronchus or hilum
What percent of lung cancer is adenocarcinoma
40%
How do adenocarcinoma tumors grow
Moderate
Spread Early
Situated in peripheral lung
What percent of lung cancer is LCC
10-15%
Is large cell carcinoma differentiated
No
How do large cell carcinoma tumors grow
Fast
Early to distant location
Situated in periphery and central lung
Complication with large cell carcinoma
CW pain, pleural effusion, pneumonia, hemoptysis, and pulmonary cavities
Most frequent cancers in the U.S.
Breast
Prostate
Lung
What is the 5 year lung cancer survival percentage
15%
How many new cases of lung cancer is there annually
234,580
How many people die from lung cancer a year
125,070
What is the average age for lung cancer diagnosis
70 years old
What percent more likely is black men to get lung cancer than white men
12%
What percent more likely are white women to have lung cancer than black women
16%
How many people alive today have been diagnosed with lung cancer
380,000
How does a transbronchial biopsy work
A bronchoscope is positioned
Forceps are extended beyond view of bronchoscope (visible on fluoroscope)
Physician bites a sample with forceps
Physician pulls forceps out of scope
Calculation for pack day
How many packs a day/days for year
What is the risk of menthol
Increased because it encourages deeper breaths
What is the risk of cigars
Almost as high as cigarettes
Difference between a nodule and a mass
A mass is greater than 3cm
What causes pancoast syndrome
A tumor near the apex compresses the nerves and vessels of brachial plexus
What are the effects of pancoast syndrome
Drooping of one eyelid (ptosis)
Small pupils
Reduced or absent perspiration on the same side of the face.
What causes superior vena cava syndrome
A tumor near upper portion of right lung obstructs blood flow at the SVC
What does SVC syndrome do
Vessels of face, neck, arms, upper chest swell with blood causing swelling
Explain paraneoplastic syndrome
Distant effects on the body due to changes to the bodies metabolism brought on by the tumor
Metabolic effects caused by paraneoplastic syndrome
Hypercalcemia
Excess growth of bones (fingertips)
Blood clots
Primary goal of diagnostic procedures (cancer)
Confirm the presence of lung carcinoma
Establish the cancer cell type confirm
Confirm stage of cancer
Ways tho search for a tumor
CXR
CT
PET
MRI
Bone scan
Role of a CT in cancer diagnoses
Shape and size of the lesion
Use of a PET scan in a cancer diagnosis
Identify “hot spot” glucose uptake
What does TNM stand for
TUMOR
How big?
Spreading?
NODE
Metastasis
Tumor close or far
METASTASIS
How distant
How many
How much
Describe the TNM “staging” system for lung cancer
A scale of severity from 0-4
What percent of patients with cancer have a cough
50-75%
What type of cough is a call for suspension for cancer
New onset in new or former smoker
What percent of people with cancer have dyspnea
25-40%
Clinical manifestations of cancer
Cough
Dyspnea
Hoarseness
Systematic effects
Adventitious Breath sounds
What does a dynamic obstruction look like
Decrease in flow on inspiration or exhalation, but not both
What does a fixed obstruction look like
Decreased flow on exhalation and inhalation
ABG of a localized lung cancer
pH elevated (patient is compensating)
PaCO2: low
HCO3: normal or low
PaO2: low
SaO2/SpO2: low
If bicarbonate isn’t
ABG of a widespread lung cancer
pH: low
PaCO2: elevated
HCO3: elevated wnl
PaO2: low
SaO2/SpO2: low
Five surgeries for tumor resection
Pneumonectomy
Lobectomy
Segmentectomy/ wedge resection
Sleeve resection
Video-assisted thoracic surgery
Three specialized bronchoscopic interventions where therapist play a supporting role
Debunking (reduce size)
Stent placement
Bleeding control (argon plasma coagulation) heat!!!
Which type of tumor is encapsulated
Benign (connective tissue)
Recommended screening for cancer
Low dose CT scan
How are new discovered pulmonary nodules managed
Monitored.
