Cancer

Question 1

Q: What are the most common tumors causing bone metastases in descending order?

Answer 1

A: Prostate, breast, lung

Question 2

Q: What are the most common sites of bone metastases in descending order?

Answer 2

A: Spine, pelvis, ribs, skull, long bones

Question 3

Q: Besides bone pain, what are other features of bone metastases?

Answer 3

A: Pathological fractures, hypercalcaemia, raised ALP

Question 4

Q: What cancer is associated with aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus?

Answer 4

A: Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

Question 5

Q: What cancer is linked to aniline dyes exposure?

Answer 5

A: Bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma)

Question 6

Q: What cancers are associated with asbestos exposure?

Answer 6

A: Mesothelioma and bronchial carcinoma

Question 7

Q: What cancers are linked to nitrosamines?

Answer 7

A: Oesophageal and gastric cancer

Question 8

Q: What cancer is associated with vinyl chloride exposure?

Answer 8

A: Hepatic angiosarcoma

Question 9

Q: What is the most important risk factor for developing cervical cancer?

Answer 9

A: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

Question 10

Q: Which HPV subtypes are particularly carcinogenic for cervical cancer?

Answer 10

A: Subtypes 16, 18, and 33

Question 11

Q: Which HPV subtypes are non-carcinogenic and associated with genital warts?

Answer 11

A: Subtypes 6 and 11

Question 12

Q: What cellular changes can occur in HPV-infected endocervical cells?

Answer 12

A: Development of koilocytes

Question 13

Q: What are the characteristics of koilocytes?

Answer 13

A: Enlarged nucleus, irregular nuclear membrane contour, hyperchromasia (darker staining nucleus), perinuclear halo

Question 14

Q: What are common side effects of chemotherapy related to the gastrointestinal system?

Answer 14

A: Nausea and vomiting

Question 15

Q: What are risk factors for developing nausea and vomiting with chemotherapy?

Answer 15

A: Anxiety, age <50 years, concurrent use of opioids, type of chemotherapy used

Question 16

Q: What is a first-line treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in low-risk patients?

Answer 16

A: Metoclopramide

Question 17

Q: What medications are recommended for high-risk patients with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting?

Answer 17

A: 5HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron) combined with dexamethasone

Question 18

Q: What are the adverse effects of cyclophosphamide?

Answer 18

A: Haemorrhagic cystitis, myelosuppression, transitional cell carcinoma

Question 19

Q: How can the incidence of haemorrhagic cystitis be reduced with cyclophosphamide use?

Answer 19

A: Hydration and mesna administration

Question 20

Q: What is a major adverse effect of bleomycin?

Answer 20

A: Lung fibrosis

Question 21

Q: What is a key adverse effect of anthracyclines like doxorubicin?

Answer 21

A: Cardiomyopathy

Question 22

Q: What are the adverse effects of methotrexate?

Answer 22

A: Myelosuppression, mucositis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis

Question 23

Q: On which chromosomes are BRCA1 and BRCA2 located?

Answer 23

A: BRCA1 on chromosome 17, BRCA2 on chromosome 13

Question 24

Q: What cancer risks are associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

Answer 24

A: Breast cancer (60%), ovarian cancer (55% for BRCA1, 25% for BRCA2), prostate cancer (BRCA2)

Question 25

Q: What cancers are commonly seen in Lynch Syndrome? (HNPCC)

Answer 25

A: Colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer

Question 26

Q: What is the inheritance pattern of Lynch Syndrome?

Answer 26

A: Autosomal dominant

Question 27

Q: Where is squamous cell lung cancer typically located?

Answer 27

A: Central

Question 28

Q: What is squamous cell lung cancer associated with in terms of parathyroid hormone-related protein?

Answer 28

A: PTHrP secretion leading to hypercalcaemia

Question 29

Q: What features are strongly associated with squamous cell lung cancer?

Answer 29

A: Finger clubbing, cavitating lesions, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA)

Question 30

Q: Where is adenocarcinoma of the lung typically located?

Answer 30

A: Peripheral

Question 31

Q: What is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers?

Answer 31

A: Adenocarcinoma

Question 32

Q: Where is large cell lung carcinoma typically located?

Answer 32

A: Peripheral

Question 33

Q: What hormone may be secreted by large cell lung carcinoma?

Answer 33

A: β-hCG

Question 34

Q: How do neurological signs vary depending on the level of the lesion in spinal cord compression?

Answer 34

A: Lesions above L1 cause upper motor neuron signs and a sensory level in the legs. Lesions below L1 cause lower motor neuron signs and perianal numbness.

Question 35

Q: What reflex changes are seen in spinal cord compression?

Answer 35

A: Increased tendon reflexes below the lesion and absent reflexes at the level of the lesion

Question 36

Q: What is the recommended investigation for suspected spinal cord compression?

Answer 36

A: Urgent MRI spine within 24 hours of presentation

Question 37

Q: What is the initial management for spinal cord compression?

Answer 37

A: High-dose oral dexamethasone

Question 38

Q: What does PET imaging measure to evaluate metabolic activity?

Answer 38

A: Glucose uptake

Question 39

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with ovarian cancer?

Answer 39

A: CA 125

Question 40

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with pancreatic cancer?

Answer 40

A: CA 19-9

Question 41

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with breast cancer?

Answer 41

A: CA 15-3

Question 42

Q: Which tumour marker is used to diagnose prostatic carcinoma?

Answer 42

A: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Question 43

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and teratomas?

Answer 43

A: Alpha-feto protein (AFP)

Question 44

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with colorectal cancer?

Answer 44

A: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Question 45

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with melanoma and schwannomas?

Answer 45

A: S-100

Question 46

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with small cell lung carcinoma, gastric cancer, and neuroblastoma?

Answer 46

A: Bombesin