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Year 6 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Q: What are the most common tumors causing bone metastases in descending order?

A

A: Prostate, breast, lung

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2
Q

Q: What are the most common sites of bone metastases in descending order?

A

A: Spine, pelvis, ribs, skull, long bones

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3
Q

Q: Besides bone pain, what are other features of bone metastases?

A

A: Pathological fractures, hypercalcaemia, raised ALP

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4
Q

Q: What cancer is associated with aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus?

A

A: Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)

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5
Q

Q: What cancer is linked to aniline dyes exposure?

A

A: Bladder cancer (transitional cell carcinoma)

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6
Q

Q: What cancers are associated with asbestos exposure?

A

A: Mesothelioma and bronchial carcinoma

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7
Q

Q: What cancers are linked to nitrosamines?

A

A: Oesophageal and gastric cancer

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8
Q

Q: What cancer is associated with vinyl chloride exposure?

A

A: Hepatic angiosarcoma

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9
Q

Q: What is the most important risk factor for developing cervical cancer?

A

A: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection

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10
Q

Q: Which HPV subtypes are particularly carcinogenic for cervical cancer?

A

A: Subtypes 16, 18, and 33

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11
Q

Q: Which HPV subtypes are non-carcinogenic and associated with genital warts?

A

A: Subtypes 6 and 11

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12
Q

Q: What cellular changes can occur in HPV-infected endocervical cells?

A

A: Development of koilocytes

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13
Q

Q: What are the characteristics of koilocytes?

A

A: Enlarged nucleus, irregular nuclear membrane contour, hyperchromasia (darker staining nucleus), perinuclear halo

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14
Q

Q: What are common side effects of chemotherapy related to the gastrointestinal system?

A

A: Nausea and vomiting

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15
Q

Q: What are risk factors for developing nausea and vomiting with chemotherapy?

A

A: Anxiety, age <50 years, concurrent use of opioids, type of chemotherapy used

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16
Q

Q: What is a first-line treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in low-risk patients?

A

A: Metoclopramide

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17
Q

Q: What medications are recommended for high-risk patients with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting?

A

A: 5HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron) combined with dexamethasone

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18
Q

Q: What are the adverse effects of cyclophosphamide?

A

A: Haemorrhagic cystitis, myelosuppression, transitional cell carcinoma

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19
Q

Q: How can the incidence of haemorrhagic cystitis be reduced with cyclophosphamide use?

A

A: Hydration and mesna administration

20
Q

Q: What is a major adverse effect of bleomycin?

A

A: Lung fibrosis

21
Q

Q: What is a key adverse effect of anthracyclines like doxorubicin?

A

A: Cardiomyopathy

22
Q

Q: What are the adverse effects of methotrexate?

A

A: Myelosuppression, mucositis, liver fibrosis, lung fibrosis

23
Q

Q: On which chromosomes are BRCA1 and BRCA2 located?

A

A: BRCA1 on chromosome 17, BRCA2 on chromosome 13

24
Q

Q: What cancer risks are associated with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations?

A

A: Breast cancer (60%), ovarian cancer (55% for BRCA1, 25% for BRCA2), prostate cancer (BRCA2)

25
Q

Q: What cancers are commonly seen in Lynch Syndrome? (HNPCC)

A

A: Colorectal cancer and endometrial cancer

26
Q

Q: What is the inheritance pattern of Lynch Syndrome?

A

A: Autosomal dominant

27
Q

Q: Where is squamous cell lung cancer typically located?

A

A: Central

28
Q

Q: What is squamous cell lung cancer associated with in terms of parathyroid hormone-related protein?

A

A: PTHrP secretion leading to hypercalcaemia

29
Q

Q: What features are strongly associated with squamous cell lung cancer?

A

A: Finger clubbing, cavitating lesions, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA)

30
Q

Q: Where is adenocarcinoma of the lung typically located?

A

A: Peripheral

31
Q

Q: What is the most common type of lung cancer in non-smokers?

A

A: Adenocarcinoma

32
Q

Q: Where is large cell lung carcinoma typically located?

A

A: Peripheral

33
Q

Q: What hormone may be secreted by large cell lung carcinoma?

A

A: β-hCG

34
Q

Q: How do neurological signs vary depending on the level of the lesion in spinal cord compression?

A

A: Lesions above L1 cause upper motor neuron signs and a sensory level in the legs. Lesions below L1 cause lower motor neuron signs and perianal numbness.

35
Q

Q: What reflex changes are seen in spinal cord compression?

A

A: Increased tendon reflexes below the lesion and absent reflexes at the level of the lesion

36
Q

Q: What is the recommended investigation for suspected spinal cord compression?

A

A: Urgent MRI spine within 24 hours of presentation

37
Q

Q: What is the initial management for spinal cord compression?

A

A: High-dose oral dexamethasone

38
Q

Q: What does PET imaging measure to evaluate metabolic activity?

A

A: Glucose uptake

39
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with ovarian cancer?

A

A: CA 125

40
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with pancreatic cancer?

A

A: CA 19-9

41
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with breast cancer?

A

A: CA 15-3

42
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is used to diagnose prostatic carcinoma?

A

A: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

43
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma and teratomas?

A

A: Alpha-feto protein (AFP)

44
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with colorectal cancer?

A

A: Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

45
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with melanoma and schwannomas?

A

A: S-100

46
Q

Q: Which tumour marker is associated with small cell lung carcinoma, gastric cancer, and neuroblastoma?

A

A: Bombesin

47
Q
A

Year 6 (24 decks)

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