Cancer

Question 1

_____ is an abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation that serves no physiologic function.

Answer 1

Cancer

Question 2

______ tumors have slow growth, well defined capsule, not invasive, well differentiated, have low mitotic index and do not metastasize.

Answer 2

Benign

Question 3

_______ tumors have rapid growth, are not encapsulated, are invasive, poorly differentiated, have high mitotic index, and can spread distantly or metastasize.

Answer 3

Malignant

Question 4

_______ is alteration in DNA sequence affecting expression or function of a gene.

Answer 4

Mutation

Question 5

______ mutations are small scale changes

Answer 5

Point

Question 6

_______ mutations “drive” progression of cancer.

Answer 6

Driver

Question 7

_______ mutations are random events.

Answer 7

Passenger

Question 8

________ is repeated duplication of a chromosome.

Answer 8

Gene amplification

Question 9

_______ is large changes in a chromosome structure

Answer 9

Chromosome translocation

Question 10

What are the three key genetic mechanisms that have a role in human carcinogenesis?

Answer 10

1. Activation of proto-oncogenes, resulting in hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
2. Mutation of genes, resulting in the loss or inactivity of gene products that would normally inhibit growth (called tumor suppressor genes)
3. Mutation of genes, resulting in an overexpression of products that prevent normal cell death or apoptosis, thus allowing continued growth of tumors.

Question 11

______ are mutant genes that, in their nonmutant state, direct protein synthesis and cellular growth.

Answer 11

Oncogenes

Question 12

_______ encode proteins that, n their normal state, negatively regulate proliferation.

Answer 12

Tumor-suppressor genes

Question 13

_______ are normal nonmutant genes that code for cellular growth.

Answer 13

Proto-oncogenes

Question 14

_____ are responsible for the maintenance of genomic integrity, encode proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA, such as the damage that occurs with errors in DNA replication, Mutations caused by UV or ionizing radiation, and mutations caused by chemicals and drugs and loss of function of these leads to increased mutation rates.

Answer 14

Caretaker genes

Question 15

What are protective caps on each chromosome that are held in place by a telomerase?

Answer 15

Telomeres

Question 16

______ is the growth of new vessels and is also called neovascularization.

Answer 16

Angiogenesis

Question 17

______ and ______ are angiogenic factors that facilitate feeding of the tumor in advanced cancers.

Answer 17

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

Question 18

Cancer cells perform ______ which allows lactate and its metabolites to be used for the more efficient production of lipids and other molecular building blocks needed for rapid cell growth.

Answer 18

glycolysis

Question 19

What is an important aspect of cancer metabolism that allows cancer cells to generate large amounts of ATP?

Answer 19

Reverse Warburg effect

Question 20

_______ is an important factor in the development of cancers by stimulating a wound healing response that includes proliferation and new blood vessel growth.

Answer 20

Inflammation

Question 21

A ____________ is the key cell that promotes tumor survival.

Answer 21

tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)

Question 22

_______ is the spread of cancer cells from the site of the original tumor to distant tissues and organs through the body.

Answer 22

Metastasis

Question 23

_______ are caused by biologic substances released from the tumor (e.g. hormones) or by an immune response triggered by the tumor and can be life threatening.

Answer 23

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 24

_______ is the most severe form of malnutrition and leads to protein-calorie malnutrition and progressive wasting.

Answer 24

Cachexia

Question 25

Stage ___ cancer is confined to its organ of origin.

Answer 25

1

Question 26

Stage __ cancer is locally invasive

Answer 26

2

Question 27

Stage __ cancer has advanced to regional structures

Answer 27

3

Question 28

Stage __ cancer has spread to distant sites.

Answer 28

4

Question 29

What is the staging system for cancer used by the WHO?

Answer 29

TNM-tumor (0-3), nodes (0-2), metastases (0-2)

Question 30

______ are substances produced by benign or malignant cells and can consist of hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens and/or antibodies.

Answer 30

Tumor Markers

Question 31

____ and _____ tumors secrete a protein known as alpha fetoprotein into the blood.

Answer 31

Liver and germ cell

Question 32

_____ tumors secrete prostate-specific antigen (PSA) into the blood.

Answer 32

Prostate

Question 33

_____ are used to screen and identify individuals at high risk for cancer, diagnose specific types of tumors, and follow the clinical course of cancer.

Answer 33

Tumor markers

Question 34

_____ is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing the damage to normal structures.

Answer 34

Radiation therapy

Question 35

_____ is a form of radiation therapy where seeds are implanted.

Answer 35

Brachytherapy

Question 36

______ eradicates enough tumor cells to enable the body's natural defenses to eradicate the remaining cells.

Answer 36

Chemotherapy

Question 37

______ chemotherapy causes shrinkage or the disappearance of tumors.

Answer 37

Induction

Question 38

______ chemotherapy is administered after the surgical excision with a goal of eliminating micrometastases.

Answer 38

Adjuvant

Question 39

______ chemotherapy is administered before localized (surgical or radiation) treatment.

Answer 39

Neoadjuvant

Question 40

The atypical cell that serves as a marker for diagnosing Hodgkins lymphoma is the__________.

Answer 40

Reed-Sternberg cell

Question 41

A rare illness that involves the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue, although not itself considered a cancer is__________.

Answer 41

Castleman disease

Question 42

A 45-year-old patient with a 20-pack-year history of smoking reports coughing up blood. He says he can't do the things he used to do as he gets short of breath. According to the USPSTF recommendations, what is the best action for the nurse practitioner to take?

Answer 42

Order a CT of the chest