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MWU Patho > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is an abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation that serves no physiologic function.

A

Cancer

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2
Q

______ tumors have slow growth, well defined capsule, not invasive, well differentiated, have low mitotic index and do not metastasize.

A

Benign

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3
Q

_______ tumors have rapid growth, are not encapsulated, are invasive, poorly differentiated, have high mitotic index, and can spread distantly or metastasize.

A

Malignant

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4
Q

_______ is alteration in DNA sequence affecting expression or function of a gene.

A

Mutation

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5
Q

______ mutations are small scale changes

A

Point

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6
Q

_______ mutations “drive” progression of cancer.

A

Driver

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7
Q

_______ mutations are random events.

A

Passenger

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8
Q

________ is repeated duplication of a chromosome.

A

Gene amplification

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9
Q

_______ is large changes in a chromosome structure

A

Chromosome translocation

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10
Q

What are the three key genetic mechanisms that have a role in human carcinogenesis?

A
  1. Activation of proto-oncogenes, resulting in hyperactivity of growth-related gene products
  2. Mutation of genes, resulting in the loss or inactivity of gene products that would normally inhibit growth (called tumor suppressor genes)
  3. Mutation of genes, resulting in an overexpression of products that prevent normal cell death or apoptosis, thus allowing continued growth of tumors.
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11
Q

______ are mutant genes that, in their nonmutant state, direct protein synthesis and cellular growth.

A

Oncogenes

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12
Q

_______ encode proteins that, n their normal state, negatively regulate proliferation.

A

Tumor-suppressor genes

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13
Q

_______ are normal nonmutant genes that code for cellular growth.

A

Proto-oncogenes

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14
Q

_____ are responsible for the maintenance of genomic integrity, encode proteins that are involved in repairing damaged DNA, such as the damage that occurs with errors in DNA replication, Mutations caused by UV or ionizing radiation, and mutations caused by chemicals and drugs and loss of function of these leads to increased mutation rates.

A

Caretaker genes

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15
Q

What are protective caps on each chromosome that are held in place by a telomerase?

A

Telomeres

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16
Q

______ is the growth of new vessels and is also called neovascularization.

A

Angiogenesis

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17
Q

______ and ______ are angiogenic factors that facilitate feeding of the tumor in advanced cancers.

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

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18
Q

Cancer cells perform ______ which allows lactate and its metabolites to be used for the more efficient production of lipids and other molecular building blocks needed for rapid cell growth.

A

glycolysis

19
Q

What is an important aspect of cancer metabolism that allows cancer cells to generate large amounts of ATP?

A

Reverse Warburg effect

20
Q

_______ is an important factor in the development of cancers by stimulating a wound healing response that includes proliferation and new blood vessel growth.

A

Inflammation

21
Q

A ____________ is the key cell that promotes tumor survival.

A

tumor-associated macrophage (TAM)

22
Q

_______ is the spread of cancer cells from the site of the original tumor to distant tissues and organs through the body.

A

Metastasis

23
Q

_______ are caused by biologic substances released from the tumor (e.g. hormones) or by an immune response triggered by the tumor and can be life threatening.

A

Paraneoplastic syndromes

24
Q

_______ is the most severe form of malnutrition and leads to protein-calorie malnutrition and progressive wasting.

A

Cachexia

25
Q

Stage ___ cancer is confined to its organ of origin.

A

1

26
Q

Stage __ cancer is locally invasive

A

2

27
Q

Stage __ cancer has advanced to regional structures

A

3

28
Q

Stage __ cancer has spread to distant sites.

A

4

29
Q

What is the staging system for cancer used by the WHO?

A

TNM-tumor (0-3), nodes (0-2), metastases (0-2)

30
Q

______ are substances produced by benign or malignant cells and can consist of hormones, enzymes, genes, antigens and/or antibodies.

A

Tumor Markers

31
Q

____ and _____ tumors secrete a protein known as alpha fetoprotein into the blood.

A

Liver and germ cell

32
Q

_____ tumors secrete prostate-specific antigen (PSA) into the blood.

A

Prostate

33
Q

_____ are used to screen and identify individuals at high risk for cancer, diagnose specific types of tumors, and follow the clinical course of cancer.

A

Tumor markers

34
Q

_____ is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing the damage to normal structures.

A

Radiation therapy

35
Q

_____ is a form of radiation therapy where seeds are implanted.

A

Brachytherapy

36
Q

______ eradicates enough tumor cells to enable the body’s natural defenses to eradicate the remaining cells.

A

Chemotherapy

37
Q

______ chemotherapy causes shrinkage or the disappearance of tumors.

A

Induction

38
Q

______ chemotherapy is administered after the surgical excision with a goal of eliminating micrometastases.

A

Adjuvant

39
Q

______ chemotherapy is administered before localized (surgical or radiation) treatment.

A

Neoadjuvant

40
Q

The atypical cell that serves as a marker for diagnosing Hodgkins lymphoma is the__________.

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

41
Q

A rare illness that involves the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue, although not itself considered a cancer is__________.

A

Castleman disease

42
Q

A 45-year-old patient with a 20-pack-year history of smoking reports coughing up blood. He says he can’t do the things he used to do as he gets short of breath. According to the USPSTF recommendations, what is the best action for the nurse practitioner to take?

A

Order a CT of the chest

43
Q
A

MWU Patho (9 decks)

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