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BIOL340 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

common hallmarks of cancer growth:
- altered homeostasis
- bypass of limits to cell proliferation
- evasion of cell death signals
- altered cellular metabolism
- ??? of tissue environment
- metastasis

A

manipulation of tissue environment e.g. angiogenesis

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2
Q

what are the two fundamental properties shared by cancer cells?

A

uncontrolled proliferation
metastasis

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3
Q

when is a tumour considered malignant?

A

when its cells break loose and travel to other tissues and organs (metastasis)

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4
Q

nomenclature of cancer is dependant on site of origin e.g sarcoma for ???

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: viruses such as DNA and RNA tumour viruses introduce foreign genetic material that can cause cancer E.g. human papilloma virus (cervical cancer)

A

TRUE

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6
Q

what are two examples of inherited mutations?

A
  • colon cancer (tumour suppressor gene)
  • Retinoblastoma (deletion of 13q gene)
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7
Q

What is the largest risk factor of cancer?

A

age

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8
Q

tumour progression: Mutant cells are ??? over their neighbouring, normal cells

A

selectively favoured

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9
Q

most commonly affected organs include: liver, lung, bone, ???

A

brain

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10
Q

Key phenotypic features are shared by benign and malignant tumour cells
- Nuclear alterations
- Altered morphology & disorganised growth
patterns
- ??? cells

A

Immortal

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11
Q

Nuclear alterations: aneuploidy due to defect in ??? checkpoint

A

mitotic spindle

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12
Q

altered morphology and disorganised growth: cancer cell proliferation is ??? and insensitive to population density

A

anchorage-independent

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13
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Normal cells do not grow well in culture without a solid
surface to attach to and stop dividing when they become confluent

A

True

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14
Q

Only those tumours containing cells that maintain their ??? length will be capable of unlimited growth i.e immortality cells

A

telomere

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15
Q

Any cell appearing within tumours that expresses ??? will have a tremendous growth advantage over cells that lack it. Over time, ???-containing cells will flourish, while those lacking it will die off until all of the cells in the tumour contain telomerase

A

telomerase

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16
Q

progression factors are the cellular alterations that lead to a malignant tumour being able to ???

A

metastasise

17
Q

progression factors: invasive capacity or angiogenesis describes the following:
- Enhanced expression of tissue degrading proteases
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)
- together = enhanced motility

A

invasive capacity

18
Q

progression factors: invasive capacity or angiogenesis describes the following:
- formation of new blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

19
Q

Enhanced expression of proteases allows invasive properties of tumours:
1. Cleavage of cell surface proteins
2. Allows ??? breakdown
3. Activates growth factors or cytokines

A

ECM

20
Q

what represents an initial step in the metastatic cascade that is necassary for cells to move from primary organ of origin to other sites?

A

motility of tumours

21
Q

the metastatic cascade:
1. Dysplasia
2. Formation of primary tumour
3. Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition
4. Intravasation
5. ???
6. Arrest at new site
7. Extravasation
8. Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition
9. Micrometastasis
10. Macrometastasis

A

Circulation

22
Q

oncogenes are GAIN or LOSS of function genes?

A

gain of function: protein gains new/altered activity

23
Q

oncogenes act dominantly or recessively?

A

dominantly

24
Q

Proto-oncogenes encode ??? factors that stimulate expression of other genes – involved in cell division or cell cycle. Protooncogenes normally regulate cell growth. Mutated/cancer causing proto-oncogenes = oncogenes

A

transcription

25
Q

Tumour suppressor genes – normal genes that slow down cell division, repair mistakes, and regulate ???

A

apoptosis

26
Q

Tumour suppressor genes are generally loss or gain (?) of function mutations

A

loss

27
Q

When ??? are mutated or inactivated, the cell is unable to respond to cell cycle checkpoint or unable to undergo programmed cell death

A

tumour suppressor genes

28
Q

oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes are a recessive cancer phenotype = both alleles of tumour suppressor gene affected to cause cancer

A

tumour suppressor genes

29
Q

Bcl2/Bax genes control ???

A

apoptosis

30
Q

single point mutation: a hyperactive ??? gene (a product of an oncogene) issues signals of its own = increased cell proliferation

A

ras gene

31
Q

~25% of breast and ovarian cancers have amplified copies of the ERBB2 gene (HER2) Extra copies of this growth factor receptor causes ???

A

excessive cell proliferation

32
Q

In Burkitt lymphoma, protooncogene MYC is moved from chr 8 next to a highly active region of ??? = enhanced transcription of MYC. c-MYC leads to increased expression of genes involved in cell proliferation

A

chr 14

33
Q

When all or part of a chromosome
containing the normal allele of the
gene is deleted, chances of cancer
are increased. Known as ???

A

loss of heterozygosity

34
Q

Alteration of RB which iS AN ONCOGENE OR TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE (?) affects the
control of cell growth- Normally mediates transcription of enzymes and proteins required for S phase

A

TUMOUR SUPPRESSOR GENE

35
Q

p53 tumour suppressor is the most
frequently mutated gene in human
cancers. DNA damage stimulates the p53 pathway, which triggers cell cycle ??? and ???. p53 gene disruption leads to a failure in these responses following DNA
damage = survival and reproduction of mutated cells

A

arrest and apoptosis

36
Q

A mutation/deletion in both alleles of p53 allows damaged DNA to
enter the cell cycle. Consequence is either ??? & death or survival potentially leading to a tumour

A

mitotic failure

37
Q

Epigenetic changes in gene expression refers to changes in ???

A

gene expression not related to changes in base sequence

BIOL340 (13 decks)

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