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BIOL340 > Apoptosis regulation > Flashcards

Apoptosis regulation Flashcards

1
Q

direct inducers of apoptosis: ???

A

Engagement of cell surface receptors

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2
Q

indirect inducers of apoptosis include ???

A

Withdrawal of growth (or survival)
factors, DNA damage, An ever increasing list of chemical
agents

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3
Q

??? embryos helped determine mechanisms for the regulation of apoptosis

A

C. elegans

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4
Q

CED-3, CED-4, and CED-9 are knock out mutants identified as being critical in the control of ???

A

control of C. elagans apoptosis

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5
Q

CED-??? homologue identified as a caspase

A

CED-3

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6
Q

CED-4 or CED-9 (?) homologue identified as Apaf1 (apoptotic peptidase activating factor 1

A

CED-4

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7
Q

CED-9 homologue identified as ???

A

Bcl-2

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8
Q

Caspase-1, -4, -5, -13, -14 (and caspase-11, -12 in mice) are involved in inflammation or apoptosis?

A

inflammation

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9
Q

Caspases involved in apoptosis:
Initiator caspases: caspase-2, -8, -9, -10 (interact with executioner caspases)
Executioner (aka effector) caspases: ? ? ? (initiate cell death)

A

3, -6, -7

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10
Q

??? initially exist as inactive procaspases (zymogens). Proteolytic cleavage = activation. Two fragments combine to form an active ???

A

Caspases

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11
Q

??? cleave and activate downstream executioner (effector) procaspases

A

Initiator caspases

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12
Q

caspases target:
- Protein kinases (Includes focal adhesion kinase)
- Laminins (Comprise inner lining of nuclear envelope)
- Cytoskeleton proteins (Include intermediate filaments, actin, tubulin, gelsolin)
- ??? (An endonuclease, once activated it translocates to the nucleus to cleave DNA)

A

Caspase-activated Dnase (CAD)

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13
Q

Bcl-2 or caspases (?) resides in outer membrane of mitochondria to maintain its low permeability

A

Bcl-2

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14
Q

EXTRINSIC or INTRINSIC (?) pathway of apoptosis:
Activated by external stimuli, involves formation of death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) downstream of cell surface receptor activation
e.g. FasL/Fas receptor, TNF/TNF receptor

A

extrinsic

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15
Q

EXTRINSIC or INTRINSIC (?) pathway of apoptosis: Activated by internal stimuli. Involves release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and formation of apoptosome

A

intrinsic

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16
Q

fas protein ligand binds to fas receptor (CD95), receptor recruits adaptor proteins FADD via death domains in protein. Adaptor protein recruits initiator pro-casoase to from DISC, is activated, activates executioner caspases = apoptosis. This is an example of intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis pathway?

A

extrinsic

17
Q
  1. ligand such as TNF binds to its receptor
  2. receptor recruits ??? via death domains present in proteins.
  3. adaptor protein recruits pro-caspase, activating it
  4. activated caspase recruits executioner caspases = apoptosis
    (EXTRINSIC pathway)
A

adaptor protein TRADD

18
Q

intrinsic pathway step 1:
Pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein (e.g. Bad, Bax) is inserted into outer mitochondrial membrane to form pores and cause ??? release

A

cytochrome C

19
Q

which are the pro-apototic Bcl-2 proteins?

A

Bad, Bax

20
Q

intrinsic pathway step 2:
cytochrome C and Apaf1 form a complex. 7 of these complexes combine to form apoptosome which activates ???

A

activates pro-caspase-9

21
Q

intrinsic pathway step 3:
Active caspase-9 cleaves and activates ???, leading to apoptosis

A

executioner caspases

22
Q

inhibitors of apoptosis inhibit activated CASPASES and include: XIAP, ??? and ???

A

Livin, and Survivin

23
Q

anti-inhibitors of apoptosis proteins inhibit survivin and livin (the inhibitors of apoptosis) to cause apoptosis.
- In Drosophila IAPs include proteins Reaper, Grim, Hid
– In mammals IAPs include ???(DIABLO)

A

Smac and Omi

24
Q

Extracellular survival factors can inhibit apoptosis. this includes:
1. increased production of ??? which are anti-apoptotic
2. Inactivation of pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 proteins
3. incativation of anti-inhibitors of apoptosis such as ???

A

Bcl-2 and Bcl-X proteins

reaper, grim, smac, omi

BIOL340 (13 decks)

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