Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PoM Block 2 > Cancer (13) > Flashcards

Cancer (13) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour?

A
  • any kind of mass forming lesion

- may be neoplastic, hamartomatous, or inflammatory e.g. nasal polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A
  • autonomous growth of tissue which has escaped normal constraints on cell proliferation
  • may be benign (remain localised) or malignant (invade locally and/or spread to distant sites)
  • cancers= malignant neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are hamartomas?

A
  • localised, benign overgrowths of 1 or more mature cell type e.g. in lung, hamartomas composed of cartilage and bronchial tissue
  • architectural, not cytological abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are heterotopias?

A
  • normal tissue found in wrong part of body

- e.g. pancreas in wall of large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do we classify neoplasms?

A
  • 1y based on cell origin

- 2y whether it is benign or malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How are squamous epithelial neoplasms classified?

A
  • benign: squamous epithelioma or papilloma
  • malignant: squamous cell carcinoma
  • skin, oesophagus, cervix, vagina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are glandular epithelial neoplasms classified?

A
  • benign: adenoma
  • malignant: adenocarcinoma
  • breast, colon, pancreas, thyroid, small bowel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are transitional epithelial neoplasms classified?

A
  • benign: transitional papilloma
  • malignant: transitional cell carcinoma
  • e.g. bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are smooth muscle neoplasms classified?

A
  • benign: leiomyoma
  • malignant: leiomyosarcoma
  • e.g. uterus, colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are bone neoplasms classified?

A
  • benign: osteoma
  • malignant: osteosarcoma (or osteogenic sarcoma)
  • e.g. arm, leg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do we call malignant tumours of lymphocytes?

A

lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do we call malignant tumours of bone marrow?

A

leukaemias

- e.g. acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are teratomas?

A
  • tumours derived from germ cells
  • contain tissue from all 3 germ cell layers e.g. teeth, hair
  • likely to form where there are germ cells e.g. ovaries
  • mature or immature tissue, sometimes cancers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are examples of malignant tumours with the suffix ‘oma’ instead of ‘sarcoma’?

A
  • malignant lymphoma
  • malignant melanoma
  • hepatoma
  • teratoma (rarely malignant)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the differences between benign and malignant tumours?

A
  • invasion: direct extension into the adjacent connective tissue and/or other structures e.g. blood vessels–> cancer
  • metastasis: spread via blood vessels to other parts of body–> all malignant tumours can metastasise
  • differentiation: how much the cells of the tumour resemble the cells of the tissue it is derived from e.g. higher nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and more mitoses in tumour cells
  • growth pattern: tumours have less well-defined architecture than the tissue they are derived from
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When does a benign tumour that is severely dysplastic become malignant?

A

INVASION

17
Q

By which routes do tumours spread?

A
  • direct extension: invades directly, associated w/ stromal response–> fibroblastic proliferation (desmoplastic response), vascular proliferation (angiogenesis) and an immune response
  • haematogenous: via blood vessels- usually venules and capillaries bc thinner walls…most sarcomas metastasise 1st this way
  • lymphatic: via lymphatics to lymph nodes through the normal lymphatic drainage of the organ…most carcinomas metastasise 1st this way
  • transcoelomic: via body cavities e.g. pleural cavities and peritoneal cavities
  • perineural: via nerves
18
Q

How do we assess tumour spread?

A
  1. clinical examination
  2. radiologically- imaging
  3. pathologically- biopsy
19
Q

How do we describe tumour spread (TNM system)?

A 
T= tumour: tumour size or extent of local invasion (0, 1, 2, 3)
N= nodes: number of lymph nodes involved (0, 1, 2)
M= metastases: presence of distant metastases (0, 1, X)
20
Q

What do grade and stage mean?

A
  • grade: how differentiated is the tumour (how bad does it look cytologically, architecturally)
  • stage: how far has the tumour spread (TNM)
    N.B. STAGE most important- determines prognosis
21
Q

How are malignant soft tissue tumours classified?

A

sarcomas

PoM Block 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions