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Immunology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer in children has more of a _____ component compared to cancer in adults

A

Genetic

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2
Q

Most individuals that die from cancer die from metastases, not the localized tumor, except for _____

A
  • Brain cancer
  • Blocking a duct
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3
Q

What is the difference between a carcinoma and a sarcoma?

A
  • Carcinoma - epithelial in origin
  • Sarcoma - connective tissue or non-epithelial cell origin
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4
Q

Leukemias refer to cancers of _____

A

circulating cells

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5
Q

What is the difference between Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A
  • Hodgkin’s - B-cell origin (Reed-Sternberg cells)
  • Non-Hodgkin’s - B and T-cell origin
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6
Q

Multiple myeloma refers to _______

A

excess plasma cells in the blood and bone marrow

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7
Q

What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer? (SAGITTAL D’S)

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
  2. Apoptosis evasion
  3. Genome instability/mutation
  4. Insensitivity to antigrowth signals
  5. Tissue invasion and metastasis
  6. Tumor-promoting inflammation
  7. Avoiding immune destruction
  8. Limitless replicative potential
  9. Deregulating cellular energetics
  10. Sustained angiogenesis
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8
Q

What are proto-oncogenes?

A

Genes that when mutated or misexpressed can contribute to malignant transformation

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9
Q

Loss of function or expression of _____ genes contributes to malignant transformation.

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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10
Q

Cancers in adults are most commonly caused by _______

A
  • Environmental agents
  • Lifestyle factors
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11
Q

The immunosurveillance theory postulates that _____

A

immune destruction of cancer cells is common, and cancer results from an occasional failure of the immune system to destroy the aberrant cells

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12
Q

True or false. Tumors can be transplanted into mice with identical MHC types, while failing to grow in mice with different MHC type.

A

True

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13
Q

What are some examples of tumor-specific antigens?

A
  1. Viral proteins
  2. Mutated portions of cellular proteins
  3. Protein portions generated from recombination between genes
  4. Abnormal protein modification patterns
  5. Peptide splicing
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14
Q

What is the difference between tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens?

A
  • Tumor-specific: present ONLY on tumor cells
  • Tumor-associated: expressed on both normal and tumor cells, usually less on normal
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15
Q

Tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens are presented to cell surfaces by ____

A

MHC I

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16
Q

True or false. Increased number of T-regs in a tumor leads to a better prognosis.

A

False. More T-regs, worse prognosis

17
Q

True or false. Increased number of T-cells, T-FH cells, memory T-cells, and B-cells lead to a better prognosis.

A

True

18
Q

What genes from human papillomavirus (HPV) inactivate tumor suppressors pRB and p53?

A

E6 and E7

19
Q

The HPV vaccine is a recombanant vaccine targeted against what viral antigen?

A

L1 - major capsid protein

20
Q

What is the role of MIC in regards to cancer evading the immune system?

A
  • Tumor cells initially have increased expression of MIC
  • Cells the have decreased MIC are less likely to be destroyed
  • Eventually left with cells w/o MIC, which can evade the immune system
21
Q

Loss of HLA 1 in cancer cells leads to ____

A

failure to present antigen to cytotoxic CD8 T-cells

22
Q

What is the normal function of CTLA4?

A
  • Autoimmune regulator
  • Competes with CD28 for B7 to inhibit T-cell activation
23
Q

What is the drug ipilimumab used for?

A
  • Anti-CTLA4 antibody
  • Prevents inhibition of T-cells
  • Used to treat melanoma
24
Q

True or false. Tumor cells express decreased levels of B7.

A

False. They express increased levels of B7

25
Q

_____ involves isolating tumor tissue from a patient and culturing in vitro with IL-2 (activated T-cells that have infiltrated tumor tissue. Observed cultures resulting in melanoma cell death are expanded and T-cells are reinfused to the patient

A

Adoptive T-cell transfer

26
Q

Patients taking ipilimumab are at an increased risk of developing ______ due to continued activation of T-cells

A

autoimmunity

27
Q

______ are antigen-binding sites on CD4 and CD8 T-cells composed of a heavy chain and light chain domain of an antibody that are created against B-tumor cells (against CD19 and/or CD20).

A

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR)

28
Q

Describe the process of adoptive transfer of antigen-activated dendritic cells in cancer patients.

A
  • Patient’s monocytes are isolated
  • Exposed to antigen in vitro and transferred back to the patient
29
Q

How does Hodgkin’s lymphoma present histologically?

A

Binucleated lymphocytes

“owl eyes”

30
Q

______ involves the use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies to kill tumor cells, mediated by NK cells

A

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Immunology (13 decks)

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