Canada's History Flashcards
What did the European explorers of Canada first call the native people occupying the region and why?
Indians, because the first explorers thought they had reached the East Indies.
What type of people were famously farmers and hunters?
The Huron-Wendat of the Great Lakes region, like the Iroquois
Who were hunter-gatherers?
The Cree and Dene of the Northwest
Who were nomadic?
The Sioux followed the bison (buffalo) herd.
Who lived off arctic wildlife?
The Inuit
Who preserved fish and how did they do it?
The West Coast by drying and smoking
Where was warfare common and why?
Among Aboriginal groups as they competed for land, resources and prestige.
What event changed the native way of life?
The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists
Why did a large number of Aboriginals die?
Because of European diseases to which they lacked immunity.
Which provinces did the Vikings reach?
Labrador and the island of Newfoundland.
What is the name of the remains of the Vikings’ settlement?
l’Anse aux Meadows. They are a world heritage site.
Who was the first to draw a map of Canada’s East Coast?
John Cabot
When did European exploration start and with who?
1497 with the expedition of John Cabot
What did Jacques Cartier do?
Between 1534 and 1542, Jacques Cartier made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for King Francis I of France.
When did Canada start appearing on maps?
1550s.
Who established the first European settlement north of Florida and when?
French explorers Pierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain in 1604
Where did Pierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain establish European settlement?
first on St. Croix Island (in present-day Maine), then at Port-Royal, in Acadia (present-day Nova Scotia)
Who built a fortress at what is now Quebec City and when?
Champlain in 1608
Who were the Iroquois?
A confederation of five (later six) First Nations who battled with the French settlements for a century
Who did Champlain ally the colony with?
The Algonquin, Montagnais, and Huron,
When did the French and the Iroquois make peace?
1701
What did the French and Aboriginal people collaborate on?
Fur-trade economy driven by the demand for beaver pelts in Europe
Which leaders built a French Empire in North America that reached from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico?
Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac
What did King Charles II do in 1670?
He granted the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay.
Who did the Hudson Bay company compete with?
Montreal-based traders
Who were the voyageurs and coureurs des bois?
The skilled and courageous men who travelled by canoe. They formed alliance with First Nations.
When did France and Great Britain battle for control of North America?
1700s.
What historic event occurred in 1759
British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Québec City — marking the end of France’s empire in America. The commanders of both armies, Brigadier James Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm, were killed leading their troops in battle.
Following the war, what did Great Britain rename the colony?
The province of Quebec
What are thhe Frenchspeaking Catholic people referred to as?
Habitants or Canadiens
When did the British parliament pass the Quebec Act?
1774
What did the Quebec Act do?
It accommodated the principles of British institutions to the reality of the province. It allowed religious freedom for Catholics and permitted them to hold public office, a practice not then allowed in Britain. The Quebec Act restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law.
How many British colonies to the south of Quebec declared independence and formed the United States and when?
13 in 1776
Who were the “Loyalists”?
A group of more than 40,000 people loyal to the Crown who fled the oppression of the American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec.
Who was Joseph Brant?
He led thousands of Loyalist Mohawk Indians into Canada.
Who were the Loyalists made up of?
Dutch, German, British, Scandinavian, Aboriginal and other origins and from Presbyterian, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Jewish, Quaker, and Catholic religious backgrounds
How many Black loyalists came north?
About 3000
What is Freetown, Sierra Leone (West Africa) and when was it established?
In 1792, some black Nova Scotians, who were given poor land, moved on to establish Freetown, Sierra Leone (West Africa), a new British colony for freed slaves.
When and where was the first democratic representative assembly elected?
Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1758
When did Prince Edward elect the first democratic representative assembly?
1773
When did New Brunswick elect the first democratic representative assembly?
1785
What is the Constitutional Act?
It divided the Province of Quebec into Upper Canada (later Ontario), which was mainly Loyalist, Protestant and English-speaking, and Lower Canada (later Quebec), heavily Catholic and French-speaking.
When was the Constitutional Act created?
1791
What did the Constitutional Act do?
It granted to the Canadas, for the first time, legislative assemblies elected by the people. The name Canada also became official at this time
What is collectively known as British North America?
The Atlantic colonies and the two Canadas
When was the first movement to abolish the transatlantic slave trade?
Late 1700s by the British Parliament
Which became the first province in the Empire to move toward abolition of slavery? Who led the movement and when?
Upper Canada in 1793 by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe
When did the British Parliament prohibited the buying and selling of slaves?
1807
When did the British Parliament abolish slavery throughout the Empire?
1833
What is known as the Christian anti-slavery network?
Underground Railroad
When were the first companies in Canada formed and for what trade?
During the French and British regimes. They competed for the fur trade
Where were employees of the Hudson Bay Company from?
They were French, British, and Aboriginal
Where did the Hudson Bay Company dominate the trade?
In the northwest from Fort Garry (Winnipeg) and Fort Edmonton to Fort Langley (near Vancouver) and Fort Victoria
When did the first financial institutions open?
The late 18th and early 19th centuries
When did the Montreal stock exchange open?
1832
What was Canada’s economy based on for centuries?
Mainly on farming and on exporting natural resources such as fur, fish and timber, transported by roads, lakes, rivers and canals.
When was the fight for Canada?
1812
Who was defeated in the Battle of Trafalgar and when was it?
Napoleon Bonaparte’s fleet in 1805
Who ruled after the defeat of Napolean Bonaparte’s fleet?
The Royal Navy
Who launched an invasion on Canada in June 1812?
The United States
